look at nothing beyond the women’s inner garments? For this reason Abu Bakr al-Jaṣṣāṣ (d. 370 AH) says in his Ahkām al-Qur’ān, 3/316:
‘The statement of Ibn Masʿūd that “what ordinarily appears of it” refers to clothing is meaningless. The verse mentions adornment, and what is intended is the body-part on which that adornment is worn. Do you not see that every other item with which a woman adorns herself—such as jewellery, the qalab, the anklet, and the necklace—may be shown to men when she is not actually wearing it? From this we know that what is meant is the places of adornment. This is confirmed by the continuation of the verse: “and let them not reveal their adornment except to their husbands” (24:31); the reference is to the place of adornment. Interpreting it as garments is pointless, for garments are visible on her even when none of her body is seen, just as they are visible when she is not wearing them at all.’
Perhaps for that very reason the ḥāfiẓ Ibn al-Qaṭṭān did not linger over Ibn Masʿūd’s view in the book just cited. He merely listed it among the various interpretations of the verse, then presented the statements of the scholars and the legal schools with a level of detail, precision, and critical analysis the like of which I have never encountered. He went on to cite several hadiths that could serve as evidence for the permissibility of a woman’s displaying her face and hands to unrelated men. Although many of the reports we have included in our own work escaped him, he scrutinised those he did mention with great care, distinguishing the sound from the weak and indicating what may and may not be used as a legal proof—all without partisanship.
He then turned to the verse itself and offered a brilliant commentary, showing that he was an authority in exegesis and jurisprudence just as he was in hadith. He explained—may Allah have mercy on him—that the prohibition in the verse is unrestricted in four respects, which he enumerated and expounded with remarkable clarity. What concerns us here is the fourth, in which he says (fol. 15/1):