though their laws differed.

1. The message has reached every nation, and the proof has been established against every servant.
2. The immense status of tawḥīd and the fact that it is obligatory upon all nations.
3. Within the verse lies what is contained in the phrase lā ilāha illā Allāh—both negation and affirmation. It shows that tawḥīd can stand only when the two are combined: sheer negation is not tawḥīd, and sheer affirmation is not tawḥīd.