ʿAbd Allah ibn Masʿud (may Allah be pleased with him) reported that the Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings be upon him, said: “Whoever dies while calling upon a rival to Allah will enter the Fire.” Narrated by al-Bukhari (1).
Invokes (yadʿū): Here duʿāʾ means to ask, request, or seek help from someone.
Rival (nid): a counterpart or equal.
Overall meaning of the hadith: The Prophet ﷺ informs that anyone who sets up for Allah an equal in worship—calling upon him, seeking from him, or imploring him, whether that rival be a prophet or anyone else—and persists in that practice until death, without repenting beforehand, will end up in the Fire, for he is a polytheist. Taking a rival falls into two categories:
-
To ascribe to Allah a partner in any act of worship, wholly or partially. This is major shirk, and its doer is condemned to eternal punishment in Hell.
-
What belongs to minor shirk, such as a person’s saying, “Whatever Allah and you will,” or “Were it not for Allah and you,” and the like, where the conjunction “and” is joined to the Divine Name; or small acts of showing-off. This does not bring about eternal residence in the Fire, even if one is punished therein.
Relevance to the chapter: The hadith instills fear of shirk by explaining the fate and ultimate end of the one who commits it.