al-Usul min Ilm al-UsulIbn al-'Uthaymin

—an example is the Prophet’s ﷺ saying: “Whoever deliberately lies about me, let him take his seat in the Fire.” (1)

2 – Āḥād (solitary): everything that does not reach the level of mutawātir.

In terms of strength it is divided into three classes: ṣaḥīḥ (sound), ḥasan (fair), and ḍaʿīf (weak).

• A ṣaḥīḥ report is one transmitted by an upright narrator of exact precision, through an unbroken chain, free from both irregularity and any critical flaw.

• A ḥasan report is one transmitted by an upright narrator of lesser precision, through an unbroken chain, likewise free of irregularity or critical flaw. When multiple independent chains support it, it ascends to the level of ṣaḥīḥ and is then termed ṣaḥīḥ li-ghayrihi (sound by virtue of corroboration).

• A ḍaʿīf report is whatever falls short of the conditions for ṣaḥīḥ or ḥasan. If it possesses several chains such that they reinforce one another, it rises to the rank of ḥasan and is called ḥasan li-ghayrihi (fair by virtue of corroboration).

All these categories constitute valid proof except the weak; the weak is not proof in itself, though there is no harm in citing it for corroboration and similar purposes.

Formulas of transmission
A ḥadīth involves both reception (taḥammul) and delivery (adāʾ).

(1) Reported in Sahih al-Bukhari, no. 110, Book of Knowledge, ch. 38: “The sin of lying about the Prophet.” Also in Sahih Muslim, no. 4, Introduction, ch. 2: “The gravity of fabricating lies against the Messenger of Allah,” through the narration of Abu Hurayra. Muslim further records it (unnumbered in some editions) in his Introduction, ch. 1: “The obligation to narrate only from trustworthy transmitters, to shun liars, and to warn against forging lies about the Messenger of Allah,” through the narrations of al-Mughirah ibn Shubah and Samurah ibn Jundub. See as well: Ibn Hajar, Fath al-Bari, 1/203–204.
مثاله: قوله ﷺ: «من كذب عليَّ متعمداً فليتبوأ مقعده من النار» (١). ٢ - والآحاد: ما سوى المتواتر. وهو من حيث الرتبة ثلاثة أقسام: صحيح، وحسن، وضعيف. فالصحيح: ما نقله عدل تام الضبط بسند متصل، وخلا من الشذوذ والعلة القادحة. والحسن: ما نقله عدل خفيف الضبط بسند متصل، وخلا من الشذوذ والعلة القادحة، ويصل إلى درجة الصحيح إذا تعددت طرقه ويسمى: صحيحاً لغيره. والضعيف: ما خلا من شرط الصحيح والحسن. ويصل إلى درجة الحسن إذا تعدت طرقة، على وجه يجبر بعضها بعضاً، ويسمى: حسناً لغيره. وكل هذه الأقسام حجة سوى الضعيف، فليس بحجة، لكن لا بأس بذكره في الشواهد ونحوها. صِيَغ الأداء: للحديث تحمّل وأداء.
(١) رواه البخاري «١١٠» كتاب العلم، ٣٨ - باب إثم من كذب على النبي ﷺ. ومسلم «٤» المقدمة، ٢ - باب تغليظ الكذب على رسول الله ﷺ من حديث أبي هريرة. ومسلم «بلا» المقدمة، ١ - باب وجوب الرواية عن الثقات وترك الكذابين والتحذير من الكذب على رسول الله ﷺ، من حديث المغيرة بن شعبة وسمرة بن جندب. وانظر «الفتح» «١/ ٢٠٣ - ٢٠٤».

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