Among its examples is a Companion’s remark, “We were commanded…” or “We were forbidden…,” and the like; for instance, Ibn ʿAbbās said, “People were commanded that their last act at the House be a final circumambulation, but a concession was granted to the menstruating woman.” (1)
Likewise, Umm ʿAṭiyyah said, “We were forbidden to follow funeral processions, yet the prohibition was not made emphatic.” (2)
2 – Mawqūf (halted): a report attributed to a Companion for which no ruling of elevation has been established. It is probative according to the preponderant view—unless it clashes with a textual proof or with another Companion’s statement. If it conflicts with a textual proof, the text takes precedence; if it conflicts with another Companion’s view, the stronger of the two is adopted. A Companion is anyone who met the Prophet ﷺ while believing in him and died upon that belief.
3 – Maqṭūʿ (severed): a report ascribed to a Follower (tābiʿī) or to those after him. A Follower is one who met a Companion while believing in the Messenger ﷺ and died upon that belief.
Categories of reports in light of their chains
When classified by their lines of transmission, reports fall into mutawātir (mass-transmitted) and āḥād (solitary):
1 – Mutawātir: a report conveyed by a large number of transmitters whose agreement upon a lie is, as a rule, impossible, and who all trace it back to something perceptible