al-Usul min Ilm al-UsulIbn al-'Uthaymin

Among its examples is a Companion’s remark, “We were commanded…” or “We were forbidden…,” and the like; for instance, Ibn ʿAbbās said, “People were commanded that their last act at the House be a final circumambulation, but a concession was granted to the menstruating woman.” (1)
Likewise, Umm ʿAṭiyyah said, “We were forbidden to follow funeral processions, yet the prohibition was not made emphatic.” (2)

2 – Mawqūf (halted): a report attributed to a Companion for which no ruling of elevation has been established. It is probative according to the preponderant view—unless it clashes with a textual proof or with another Companion’s statement. If it conflicts with a textual proof, the text takes precedence; if it conflicts with another Companion’s view, the stronger of the two is adopted. A Companion is anyone who met the Prophet ﷺ while believing in him and died upon that belief.

3 – Maqṭūʿ (severed): a report ascribed to a Follower (tābiʿī) or to those after him. A Follower is one who met a Companion while believing in the Messenger ﷺ and died upon that belief.

Categories of reports in light of their chains
When classified by their lines of transmission, reports fall into mutawātir (mass-transmitted) and āḥād (solitary):
1 – Mutawātir: a report conveyed by a large number of transmitters whose agreement upon a lie is, as a rule, impossible, and who all trace it back to something perceptible

(1) Reported by al-Bukhari, no. 1755, Book of Hajj, chap. 144: “The Farewell Tawaf”; and by Muslim, no. 1328, Book of Hajj, chap. 67: “The obligation of the Farewell Tawaf and its exemption for menstruating women.” (2) Reported by al-Bukhari, no. 1278, Book of Funerals, chap. 30: “Women following funerals”; and by Muslim, no. 938, Book of Funerals, chap. 11: “Prohibition of women following funerals.”
ومنه قول الصحابي: أمِرنا أو نهينا، أو نحوهما؛ كقول ابن عباس ﵄: أُمِرَ الناس أن يكون آخر عهدهم بالبيت، إلا أنه خفف عن الحائض (١). وقول أم عطية: نهينا عن اتباع الجنائز، ولم يعزم علينا (٢). ٢ - والموقوف: ما أضيف إلى الصحابي ولم يثبت له حكم الرفع، وهو حجة على القول الراجح، إلا أن يخالف نصًّا أو قول صحابي آخر، فإن خالف نصًّا أخذ بالنص، وإن خالف قول صحابي آخر أخذ بالراجح منهما. والصحابي: من اجتمع بالنبي ﷺ مؤمناً به ومات على ذلك. ٣ - والمقطوع: ما أضيف إلى التابعي فمن بعده. والتابعي: من اجتمع بالصحابي مؤمناً بالرسول ﷺ، ومات على ذلك. أقسام الخبر باعتبار طرقه: ينقسم الخبر باعتبار طرقه إلى متواتر وآحاد: ١ - فالمتواتر: ما رواه جماعة كثيرون، يستحيل في العادة أن يتواطؤوا على الكذب، وأسندوه إلى شيء محسوس
(١) رواه البخاري «١٧٥٥» كتاب الحج، ١٤٤ - باب طواف الوداع. ومسلم «١٣٢٨» كتاب الحج، ٦٧ - باب وجوب طواف الوداع وسقوطه عن الحائض. (٢) رواه البخاري «١٢٧٨» كتاب الجنائز، ٣٠ - باب اتباع النساء الجنائز ومسلم «٩٣٨» كتاب الجنائز، ١١ - باب نهي النساء عن اتباع الجنائز.

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