3 – Interrogative nouns, as in: “Then who will bring you fresh-flowing water?” (al-Mulk 67:30); “What answer did you give to the messengers?” (al-Qasas 28:65); and: “So where are you going?” (al-Takwir 81:26).

4 – Relative pronouns, as in: “And the one who has come with the truth and affirmed it—such people are the God-fearing” (al-Zumar 39:33); “And those who strive for Us—We shall surely guide them to Our paths” (al-ʿAnkabut 29:69); “In that is indeed a lesson for whoever holds Allah in awe” (al-Naziʿat 79:26); and: “To Allah belongs whatever is in the heavens and whatever is on the earth” (Āl ʿImran 3:129).

5 – An indefinite noun occurring in a context of negation, prohibition, condition, or a rhetorical question that conveys denial, as in: “There is no deity except Allah” (Āl ʿImran 3:62); “Worship Allah and associate nothing with Him” (al-Nisaʾ 4:36); “Whether you disclose a thing or conceal it, Allah is ever All-Knowing of everything” (al-Ahzab 33:54); and: “Is there any god other than Allah who can bring you light? Will you not then listen?” (al-Qasas 28:71).

6 – A noun made definite by annexation (idafah), whether singular or plural, as in: “And remember Allah’s favor upon you” (al-Aʿraf 7:74).

7 – A noun made definite by the all-encompassing al (al-istikraqiyyah), whether singular or plural, as in: “Man was created weak” (al-Nisaʾ 4:28); and: “When the children among you reach puberty, let them ask permission [to enter] just as those before them were required to ask permission” (al-Nur 24:59).

As for a noun made definite by the referential al (al-ʿahdiyyah), its scope follows that of the entity to which it refers: if the antecedent is general, the definite noun is general; if specific, it is specific. An example of the general is Allah’s words: “When your Lord said to the angels, ‘I am creating a human being from clay. So when I have shaped him and breathed into him of My spirit, fall down before him in prostration.’ Thereupon all the angels prostrated—every single one of them” (Sad 38:71–73).