3 – Compound ignorance: perceiving a thing in a way that contradicts its reality.
4 – Conjecture (ẓann): perceiving a thing while considering the opposing possibility unlikely.
5 – Delusion (wahm): perceiving a thing while considering the opposing possibility more likely.
6 – Doubt (shakk): perceiving a thing while considering both possibilities equally likely.
Divisions of knowledge
Knowledge falls into two categories: necessary and theoretical.
1 – Necessary knowledge: that whose apprehension is immediate and unavoidable, without deliberation or inference—for instance, knowing that the whole is greater than the part, that fire is hot, and that Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah.
2 – Theoretical knowledge: that which requires reflection and reasoning—for example, knowing that intention is obligatory for the validity of prayer.