Points derived from the narration:
1 – It is obligatory to make up any of the five daily prayers one has missed.
2 – The delay in this particular incident appears to have been intentional rather than out of forgetfulness; it took place before Ṣalāt al-Khawf (the battle-time prayer) was legislated, as many scholars have concluded.
3 – The report indicates that, when making up prayers, the missed prayer takes precedence over the current one—unless the time for the current prayer is about to expire, in which case the present prayer is offered first so that the number of missed prayers does not increase.
4 – It is permissible to supplicate against an oppressor, for the Prophet ﷺ did not object to doing so.
5 – It is sunnah to console the afflicted and help lessen the impact of their calamities.