Book of Beverages
First Ḥadīth
ʿAbdullāh ibn ʿUmar (Allah be pleased with them) narrated that ʿUmar stood on the pulpit of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ and said:
“To proceed, O people: the prohibition of wine has been revealed. It is produced from five things: 1- grapes, 2- dates, 3- honey, 4- wheat, and 5- barley. Wine is whatever clouds the mind.
“There are three matters about which I wish the Messenger of Allah ﷺ had left us a definitive ruling to which we could resort: 1- (the inheritance of) the grandfather, 2- the kalālah (a person who dies leaving neither ascendant nor descendant), and 3- certain forms of ribā (usury).”
Lessons derived from the ḥadīth
The discussion of wine—its definition and the scholarly disagreement over its limits—has already been presented, along with an earlier reference to this report from ʿUmar (Allah be pleased with him).
The sound position is that wine (khamr) is every drink that befogs the intellect, and that whatever intoxicates in large quantities is forbidden even in small amounts. Additional benefits may be summed up as follows:
1- The wine whose prohibition was revealed—and which the Companions understood at the time—comprises everything that dulls the mind. In their day it was made from grapes, dates, honey, wheat, and barley. All of these fall under the name “wine,” and anything produced later is likewise wine, no matter how many different names it is given.
2- No matter how much knowledge a scholar attains, he can never encompass it all; certain matters will elude him. After Abū Bakr, no Companion was more learned than ʿUmar, yet these three issues puzzled him, and he wished he had secured explicit guidance on them from the Prophet ﷺ. This does not mean the Prophet failed to clarify them—he completed the mission, fulfilled the trust, and conveyed from Allah matters even subtler and less consequential than these—but no individual can grasp everything the Messenger ﷺ brought.
3- The first of those three issues is the inheritance of the grandfather when full or paternal siblings are also heirs.