Chapter on Vows
Linguistically, a vow is an act of obligating something; in the Law it means that a legally accountable person binds himself to perform an act of worship that was not originally required of him by the Sharia.
The legitimacy of vows rests on the Qur’an, the Sunnah, and scholarly consensus.
- The Qur’an: “They fulfil their vows,” and, “Let them fulfil their vows.”
- The Sunnah: the Prophet ﷺ said, “Whoever vows to obey Allah must obey Him, and whoever vows to disobey Allah must not disobey Him.” This was narrated by al-Bukhari.
- The Muslims have unanimously affirmed the validity of vows in general.
Jurists couple oaths and vows because their rulings are closely allied: both are meant to add solemn emphasis.
• The consequence of an oath is either to stand by it or to discharge it through expiation.
• The consequence of a vow is to fulfil what was vowed—unless the purpose of the vow was simply to prod or deter, in which case it is treated like an oath and released by the oath-expiation.
The main differences between the two may be summarized as follows:
1- As noted, a valid vow must be fulfilled; nothing else may substitute for it. An oath, however, may be dissolved by expiation.
2- A vow is entered purely as an act of devotion, though its motive may be the attainment of a benefit or the removal of a harm. An oath, by contrast, is made to urge the doing or avoidance of a specific act.
3- Formulating a vow is disliked, whereas an oath is permissible and may at times be recommended when circumstances call for it.
4- Fulfilling a vow is obligatory. The ruling on dissolving an oath varies with its consequences: at times it may be permissible, discouraged, recommended, obligatory, or forbidden, depending on the benefits or harms involved.
First Ḥadīth
ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb (Allah be pleased with him) said, “O Messenger of Allah, before Islam I vowed to observe iʿtikāf for one night—in another narration, for one day—in the Sacred Mosque. Should I fulfil it?” He replied, “Fulfil your vow.”
Benefits of the ḥadīth
The explanation of this ḥadīth has already been given in the Chapter on Iʿtikāf.