- This ruling is not only the Prophet’s instruction but also his own practice: he affirmed that whenever he swore an oath and then saw that something else was better, he would pursue what was better and offer expiation for his oath. That is sheer benefit—an easing and a mercy from our Lord. Previous communities were given no such concession of dissolution and expiation; they were obliged to abide by every oath they made. Thus, when Job (peace be upon him) swore that he would strike his wife but later abandoned the intention, he found no way to discharge his oath except by striking her with a handful of reeds(1) containing the number of lashes he had meant.
Hadith Three
ʿUmar ibn al-Khattab (may Allah be pleased with him) reported that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings be upon him) said, “Allah forbids you to swear by your forefathers.” Muslim adds: “Whoever must take an oath(2), let him swear by Allah, or else remain silent.” In another narration ʿUmar said, “By Allah, from the moment I heard the Messenger of Allah forbid it, I have never sworn by them—neither deliberately nor when quoting someone else” (meaning: recounting that another person had sworn by them).
Unfamiliar terms
• “Let him remain silent” (li-yaṣmut): the mīm may be read with ḍammah or with kasrah.
• “Deliberately” (dhākiran): that is, intentionally.
• “Quoting” (āthiran): with a lengthened hamzah followed by a thā’ with kasrah; it means reporting that someone else swore by it. This additional wording also appears in Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī from the narration of Ibn ʿUmar, yielding two observations:
- It is therefore not exclusive to Muslim’s collection.
- Its chain of transmission does not go back to ʿUmar.
Overall meaning
An oath is the act of stressing that one will do or refrain from something by invoking the One most exalted in the heart, feared for His might and retribution. Such absolute veneration and awe belong solely to Allah. Directing an oath—or any part of it—to someone else is therefore an act of polytheism. For that reason the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him) informed us that Allah, Exalted and Majestic, forbids us to swear by anything other than Him, such as our fathers—a common practice in the pre-Islamic era—and commanded that, when we do swear, it must be only by Allah Most High, for He alone deserves exaltation and He alone can punish the liar; He is