Taysīr al-ʿAllām - Abd Allah al-Bassam - (664)

Taysīr al-ʿAllāmAbd Allah al-Bassam

4- The legally married adulterer (muḥṣan) is to be stoned with stones until he dies.

5- The Jews were people who tampered with and altered the Book Allah had sent down to them, pursuing their own whims, interests, and material gains.

6- The unbelievers are accountable for the subsidiary rulings of the Law and will be punished for failing to observe them.

Hadith 7
Abū Hurayrah (may Allah be pleased with him) reported that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: “If a man—or, he said, a person—looks in on you without your permission, and you strike him with a pebble and put out his eye, you incur no blame.”

Unfamiliar terms
• khadhftahu (you threw something at him): spelled with a khāʾ. Al-Qurṭubī’s reading with ḥāʾ is erroneous; al-Nawawī affirms the form with khāʾ. It means “you threw it/him.”
• faqaʾta ʿaynahu (you put out his eye): you ruined it.
• junāḥ: sin, blame.

Overall meaning
Human beings enjoy great inviolability; Allah has forbidden any violation of their wealth, honour, and blood. Yet when a person himself infringes upon the rights of others, his own sanctity is diminished, for he has debased and cheapened himself. Thus, if someone peers into another’s home without permission—from behind the door, over the wall, or by any other means—and the homeowner gouges out his eye, the latter bears no sin and no liability for retaliation. By spying on people’s homes and private matters the intruder has forfeited his inviolability and made his eye forfeit. This ruling belongs to the realm of retaliation (qiṣāṣ), not to that of warding off an active assailant, for repelling an assailant must proceed from the lightest to the harsher means.

Lessons derived from the hadith
1- It is forbidden to pry into people’s affairs inside their homes, to look at them, or to eavesdrop on their conversations.
2- Whoever does so forfeits his legal inviolability, and the limb with which he violated their privacy may lawfully be destroyed.
3- The homeowner may put out his eye without incurring sin or being subject to retaliation.
4- The apparent sense of the hadith is that the homeowner need not first warn the intruder. This is supported by what al-Bukhārī narrates in several chapters of his Ṣaḥīḥ: “A man peered through a crack in the door of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, so the Prophet picked up a broad arrowhead and went to strike the onlooker with it.” This falls under retaliation, whereas the rules for repelling an aggressor require beginning with the mildest measure and then escalating.

٤- أن حدَّ المحصن، إذا زنا، الرجم بالحجارة حتى يموت. ٥- أن اليهود أهل تغيير وتبديل لكتاب الله الذي أنزله عليهم، تبعاً لأهوائهم وأغراضهم ومادِّيَّتِهمْ. ٦- أن الكفار مخاطبون بالأحكام الفرعية، ومعاقبون عليها. الحديث السابع عن أبي هريرة ﵁: أن رسول الله ﷺ قال: "لو أن رجلا -أو قال: امرءا- اطَّلع عليك بغير إذنك، فحذفته بحصاةٍ ففقأت عينه، ما كان عليك جناح". الغريب: حذفته: بالحاء والخاء وخطأ القرطبي رواية الحاء وجزم النووي أنه بالخاء المعجمة، ومعناها: رميته. فقأت عينه: أفسدتها. جناح: إثم. المعنى الإجمالي: للإنسان حرمة عظيمة ومقام كبير، وقد حظر الله تعالى ماله وعرضه ودمه. ولكنه إذا اعتدى على غيره، زالت حرمته، وصَغُر مقامه، إذ أهان نفسه وقلل خطره. فإذا اطلع على أحد بغير إذنه من وراء بابه أو من فوق جداره أو غيِر ذلك ففقأ عينه، فليس على هذا الفاقئ إثم ولا قصاص، لأنه أسقط حرمته، وأرخص عضوه، بجنايتها بالاطلاع على بيوت الناس وعوراتهم. فهذا من باب القصاص، لا من باب المدافعة، فتكون بالأسهل فالأسهل. ما يؤخذ من الحديث: ١- تحريم الاطلاع على أحوال الناس في منازلهم، والنظر إليهم والاستماع إِلى كلامهم. ٢- سقوط حرمة من فعل ذلك، وإهدار العضو الذي يطلع به على أحوالهم. ٣- أن لصاحب البيت أن يفقأ عينه وليس عليه إثم ولا قصاص ٤- ظاهر الحديث أن صاحب الدار لا يحتاج إلى إنذاره، ويؤيد ذلك ما أخرجه البخاري في عدة أبواب من صحيحه "أن رجلا اطلع في حجر باب رسول الله ﷺ فأخذ ﷺ مشقصا وجاء يختل الناظر بالمشقص" (فهذا من أبواب القصاص) ، لأن باب مدافعة الصائل هي التي تكون بالأسهل ثم الأصعب.