This is a balanced view on the question. It gives relief to people who have been compelled to use banknotes, while at the same time blocking the avenue of ribā al-nasīʾah, the most serious form of usury.
A full discussion, however, calls for a separate study, for the matter has generated lengthy debates. Our teacher ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Nāṣir Āl Saʿdī has written a treatise on the subject; it first appeared in the newspapers and was later issued as an independent booklet, and in it he prefers this last opinion.
Chapter: Pledge (1)
al-rahn—pronounced with an open rāʾ and a silent hāʾ—literally means firmness and permanence. The juristic sense is taken from that root meaning, because the pledged item remains with the pledge-holder and stays in his custody.
Legal definition: placing property as collateral for a debt so that the creditor may recover what is owed from it, or from its sale proceeds, if collection from the debtor’s liability proves impossible.
Its permissibility is established by the Qur’an, the Sunnah, scholarly consensus, and sound analogy.
• Qur’an: “And if you are on a journey and cannot find a scribe, then a pledged possession may be taken.” (al-Baqarah 2:283)
• Sunnah: the proofs are many. Al-Bukhārī reports from Anas, “The Prophet ﷺ pledged his coat of mail for barley,” and the present chapter contains another hadith to the same effect, along with many others.
The Muslims have unanimously agreed on its lawfulness, though they differ over certain subsidiary matters.
The need for pledges is pressing in many transactions, for through them security and recovery are obtained.
Its benefit is considerable: it is a form of documentation from which the creditor may be compensated when recourse to the debtor’s person is impossible; it protects against the debtor’s betrayal and gives the creditor peace of mind concerning his debtor.
The highest level of security is achieved when the pledge is actually taken into possession by the pledge-holder, or by an impartial custodian acceptable to both pledger and pledge-holder.
If possession is not taken, the pledge remains valid and binding, yet its benefit is reduced and its yield slight.
God has directed us to the most complete and secure arrangement when He said, “then a pledged possession may be taken.” (al-Baqarah 2:283)