Taysīr al-ʿAllāmAbd Allah al-Bassam

Chapter: Creatures Whose Killing Is Permissible

This section clarifies what may be put to death after the previous discussion on the prohibition of killing and the discouragement of hunting. It therefore serves either as an exception to what preceded or as a rebuttal of anything one might wrongly assume to be included.

First ḥadith
On the authority of ʿĀʾishah—may Allah be pleased with her—the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said:
“Five kinds of beasts are all fāsiq (vicious) and may be killed within the Sanctuary: 1. the crow, 2. the kite, 3. the scorpion, 4. the rat, and 5. the vicious dog.”

Muslim adds: “Five harmful creatures may be killed both inside the ḥill and within the ḥaram (1).”

General meaning
Some animals are harmful by nature; such creatures may be killed whether one is in the ḥill (non-sacred territory), in the ḥaram (the Sacred Precinct), or even while in a state of iḥrām. Among them are these five noxious creatures, by which the Lawgiver pointed to their counterparts among other fawāsiq (vicious animals): the crow, which ruins fruit; the kite, which snatches garments and jewellery; the scorpion, which stings; the rat, which gnaws and causes destruction; and the vicious dog, which attacks people.

These five types of animals have been described as fāsiq because, by their very nature, they deviate from the rest of the animal world through aggression and harm. They were named individually because the ways in which they cause damage differ, and anything that resembles them in this viciousness among other animals is treated the same: it may be killed because of its harm and aggression. Neither the Sanctuary grants it protection, nor does the state of iḥrām give it immunity.

Scholarly disagreement
The jurists differed as to whether the permission to kill extends beyond these specified animals to others. Abū Ḥanīfah held that the ruling is confined to these alone, since it is linked to their personal names, and—according to the majority of uṣūl scholars—a proper name does not entail an implied meaning that can be carried over by analogy. The majority, however, maintained that the ruling does apply to other animals as well, yet they disagreed over the specific rationale on account of which the ruling should be extended to

(1) Note that the first wording is that of al-Bukhari. Muslim transmits the same report, but with the plural “fawasiq” instead of “fasiq.” The version the author ascribes to Muslim is not identical; Muslim’s wording is: “Five fawasiq may be killed in the sacred precinct and outside it.” In another narration preserved by Muslim she said: “The Messenger of Allah ordered the killing of five fawasiq in the sacred precinct and outside it.” This, most likely, is the text the compiler intended, yet it is the narrator’s wording, not the Prophet’s own words.
بَابُ مَا يجُوز قَتْله هذه الترجمة فيها بيان ما يجوز قتله، بعد ذكر تحريم القتل، وتنفير الصيد. فهي كالاستثناء مما قبلها، أو دفع ما يتوهم دخوله. الحديث الأول عَنْ عَائِشَةَ ﵂: أنَّ رسُولَ الله ﷺ قال: "خَمْسٌ مِنَ الدَّوَابِّ، كُلُّهُنَّ فَاسِقٌ، يُقْتلْنَ فِي الحَرَم: ١:- الْغُرَابُ، ٢:- والحِدَأَةُ، ٣:- والعَقْرَبُ ٤:- والفَأْرَة،: - وَالْكَلْبُ العَقُورُ". ولمسلمٍ: " يُقْتَلُ خَمْسُ فَوَاسِقَ في الحِلِّ وَالُحَرَم (١) " المعنى الإجمالي: من الحيوان ما هو مؤذ بطبعه، فهذا يقتل في الحل، والحرم، والإحرام. ومنها هذه المؤذيات الخمس، التي نبه بها الشارع على ما شابهها من الفواسق. وهن، "الغراب" الذي يفسد الثمار، و"الحدأة" التي تخطف الثياب والحلي، و"العقرب" التي تلسع، و"الفأرة" التي تثقب وتخرب، و"الكلب العقور" الذي يعتدي على الناس. فهذه خمسة أنواع من الحيوانات، وصفت بالفسق، وهو خروجها بطبعها عن سائر الحيوانات، بالتعدي والأذى. ونبه بها معدودة، لاختلاف أذاها، فيلحق بها ماشاكلها في فسقها من سائر الحيوانات، فتقتل لأذيتها واعتدائها، فإن الحرم لا يجيرها والإحرام لا يعيذها. اختلاف العلماء: اختلف العلماء: هل يتعدى القتل من هذه المذكورة إلى غيرها من الحيوانات أو لا؟. فـ"أبو خيفة" يرى أن حكمها لا يتعداها إلى غيرها، وذلك أن حكمها عُلِّقَ بألقابها، واللقب لا يقتضي مفهوماً عند جمهور الأصوليين. وذهب الجمهور إلى تعديتها إلى غيرها. واختلفوا في المعنى الذي لأجله يُعدَّى حكمها إلى
(١) اعلم أن اللفظ الأول للبخاري، ولِـ"مسلم" مثله، إلا أنه قال: فواسق بدل "فاسق". وأما اللفظ الذي عزاه لـ"مسلم"، فليس فيه كذلك، وإنما لفظه "خمس فواسق، يقتلن في الحل والحرم". وفي رواية لـ"مسلم"، قالت: أمر رسول الله ﷺ بقتل خمس فواسق، في الحل والحرم. لعل المصنف أراده، لكن ليس هو لفظ النبي ﵇، وإنما هو لفظ الراوي.

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