Overall meaning:
The Prophet (1) ﷺ saw Kaʿb ibn ʿUjrah at al-Hudaybiyah (2) while the latter was in a state of iḥrām (consecration for pilgrimage). Lice were falling onto his face because of illness and the grime that illness brings. The Prophet ﷺ—ever gentle and merciful toward the believers—felt compassion for him and said, “I never imagined that the hardship had reached you to the degree I now see.” Thereupon Allah revealed: “Whoever among you is ill or has an ailment of the head…” (Q 2:196).
The Prophet ﷺ then asked him whether he could afford the best form of fidya, namely a sheep. He replied that he could not. The Prophet said, “If you cannot find a sheep, you may choose between fasting three days, or feeding six needy people—giving each of them half a saʿ of wheat or something equivalent. This will atone for shaving your head, which you were forced to do in the state of iḥrām because of the vermin.” In the other narration he allowed him to choose among the three options.
Points derived from the ḥadīth:
- A pilgrim in iḥrām may shave his hair when keeping it harms him, but he must offer a fidya.
- It is forbidden for a pilgrim to remove hair without necessity, even if he offers the fidya.
- The best form of the fidya is to slaughter a sheep and distribute its meat to the poor. If he is unable, he fasts three days or feeds six needy people, each receiving half a saʿ. In the other narration he is given the choice among the three; that will be examined shortly, Allah willing.
- The Sunnah explains and clarifies the Quran. The “charity” mentioned in the verse is general, and the ḥadīth provides the details.
- The apparent sense of the ḥadīth is that half a saʿ must be given whether the food is wheat or something else. This is the view of Mālik, al-Shāfiʿī, and one report from Aḥmad, and it is the correct view according to the plain wording of the ḥadīth. The well-known position in Aḥmad’s school is that a mudd of wheat, or half a saʿ of anything else, suffices.
- The wording of the texts indicates that the verse was revealed after the Prophet ﷺ had issued his ruling; thus the verse came as a confirmation of the unrecited revelation.