Taysīr al-ʿAllāmAbd Allah al-Bassam

Overall meaning:
ʿĀʾishah (Allah be pleased with her) relates that she sometimes still owed make-up fasts from Ramadan. Out of love for the Prophet ﷺ and the courtesy she showed him in their life together, she would delay those fasts until the month of Shaʿbān, a time in which he ﷺ fasted frequently; he was aware of this and approved of it.

Points derived from the ḥadith:
1 – It is permissible to postpone make-up fasts for Ramadan until Shaʿbān when one has a valid excuse.
2 – In the absence of an excuse, it is preferable to hasten to make them up; ʿĀʾishah explicitly mentioned her excuse.
3 – It is not permissible to delay the make-up fasts beyond the next Ramadan. Scholars have differed over whether an expiation (kaffārah) is required if the delay extends into the following Ramadan; the Ḥanbalī school holds that an expiation is due when the delay occurs without a valid excuse.
4 – The report illustrates the excellent conduct of ʿĀʾishah. May Allah grant our women the grace to emulate her.

Hadith 7
ʿĀʾishah (Allah be pleased with her) narrated that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said:
“Whoever dies while a fast is due from him, his guardian should fast on his behalf.”
Abū Dāwūd also transmitted it, saying, “This concerns vowed fasts in particular,” which is likewise the position of Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal. (1)

Overall meaning:
Debts left by the deceased must be settled, whether they are owed to Allah—such as zakāh and fasting—or to human beings, such as monetary debts. Those most entitled to undertake this responsibility are the heirs; hence the Prophet ﷺ said, “Whoever dies while a fast is due from him, his guardian should fast on his behalf.”

Points derived from the ḥadith:
1 – Taken at face value, the ḥadith makes it obligatory to fulfill a deceased person’s outstanding fasts, whether they were vowed or originally required by the Law, contrary to Abū Dāwūd’s restriction. Ibn Daqīq al-ʿĪd noted that extending the ruling to obligations other than fasting is by analogy; the present ḥadith does not state it explicitly.
2 – The one who undertakes the fasting is his walī (legal guardian), meaning the heir who has benefited from the estate. Part of fulfilling this duty is to settle the deceased’s debts owed to Allah.

(1) Ibn Daqiq al-Id claimed that this hadith is not part of what the two Shaykhs—al-Bukhari and Muslim—agreed upon. This is inaccurate, for both al-Bukhari and Muslim include it, as noted by Abd al-Haqq in al-Jamʿ bayna al-Sahihayn and by al-Majd in al-Muntaqa.
المعنى الإجمالي: تذكر عائشة ﵂ أنه يكون عليها الصوم قضاءً من رمضان. ولمحبة النبي لها وحسن أدبها في مراعاته ومعاشرته، تؤخر صيامها إلى شعبان، لأنه ﷺ كان يكثر الصيام فيه، فيعلم ذلك ويقرها عليه. ما يؤخذ من الحديث: ١- جواز تأخير قضاء رمضان إلى شعبان مع العذر. ٢- أن الأفضل التعجيل مع غير العذر. فعائشة ﵂ قد بيَّنت عذرها في ذلك. ٣- أنه لا يجوز تأخير القضاء إلى رمضان التالي. واختلف العلماء في وجوب الكفارة مع التأخير إلى دخول رمضان الآخر. ومذهب الحنابلة أن عليه الكفارة إذَا أخر لغير عذر. ٤- حسن عشرة عائشة ﵂. رزق الله نساءنا القدوة بها. الحديث السابع عَنْ عَاِئشَةَ ﵂: أنَّ رَسُوْلَ الله قال: "مَنَ مَاتَ وَعَلَيْهِ صِيَام صَامَ عَنْه وَلِيُّه". وأخرجه أبو داود وقال: هذَا في النًذْر خاصَّة، وهو قول أحمد بن حنبل (١) . المعنى الإجمالي: الديون التي على الأموات يجب قضاؤها، سواء أكانت لله تعالى كالزكاة والصيام، أم للآدميين، كالديون المالية. وأولى من يتولى ذلك، ورثتهم، ولذا قال ﷺ: "من مات وعليه صيام، صام عنه وليه ". ما يؤخذ من الحديث: ١- ظاهر الحديث وجوب قضاء الصيام عن الميت سواء أكان نذراً، أم واجباً بأصل الشرع، خلافاً لتقييد أبي داود. وذكر ابن دقيق العيد أن إلحاق غير الصوم به هو من باب القياس وليس في هذا الحديث نص عليه. ٢- أن الذي يتولى الصيام، هو وليُّه والمراد به الوارث الذي انتفع بمخلفاته. فمن مقتضى القيام بواجبه قضاء ديون الله عنه.
(١) قال ابن دقيق العيد ليس هذا الحديث مما اتفق عليه الشيخان. وليس كما قال ابن دقيق العيد، فقد أخرجه البخاري ومسلم جميعاً، كما نبه عليه عبد الحق في ((الجمع بين الصحيحين)) والمجد في ((المنتقى))

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