Taysīr al-ʿAllāmAbd Allah al-Bassam

Hadith Three
Jābir ibn ʿAbd-Allāh al-Anṣārī, may Allah be pleased with him, reported: “I attended the fear prayer with the Messenger of Allah ﷺ. We formed two rows behind him while the enemy stood between us and the qiblah. The Prophet ﷺ pronounced the opening takbīr and we all pronounced it. He then bowed and we all bowed, raised his head from bowing and we all raised ours. Next he went down in prostration together with the row closest to him, while the rear row remained standing, facing the enemy. When the Prophet ﷺ had completed the prostration and the row beside him had stood up, the rear row went down in prostration and then rose. After that the rear row advanced and the front row moved back. The Prophet ﷺ then bowed and we all bowed, raised his head from bowing and we all raised ours. He went down in prostration with the row beside him—the same row that had been in the rear during the first rakʿah (unit of prayer)—while the row now at the rear stood facing the enemy. When the Prophet ﷺ had finished the prostration together with the row next to him, the rear row went down in prostration and prostrated. The Prophet ﷺ then gave the taslīm, and we all gave the taslīm.
Jābir added, “It is exactly what these guards of yours do with your commanders.”
Muslim records the report in full. Al-Bukhārī cites part of it, noting that Jābir performed the fear prayer with the Prophet ﷺ during the seventh expedition, the campaign of Dhāt al-Riqāʿ (1).
Overall meaning
The detailed procedure described in this ḥadīth suited the situation in which the Prophet ﷺ and his Companions found themselves: the enemy was positioned in the direction of the qiblah, visible to them during the standing and bowing, and they were secure against a surprise attack from the rear.
Points derived from the ḥadīth

  1. The fear prayer may be performed in this manner when circumstances warrant it and no conflicting impediments exist.
  2. Guard duty on this occasion was required only during the prostration, since at all other times the worshippers could see the enemy in front of them.
(1) This narration involves two mistakes: First, al-Bukhari does not cite it at all; rather, he records a report from Jabir about the expedition of Dhat al-Riqa, and that version contains no description of the prayer. In any case, the manner in which the prayer was performed at Dhat al-Riqa differs from the procedure related here, so the present text cannot be a fragment of that report. The confusion arose only because both accounts are, broadly speaking, transmitted from Jabir. Thus the description of the prayer is found in Sahih Muslim, whereas the mention of Jabir and the expedition of Dhat al-Riqa comes from Sahih al-Bukhari, resulting in a conflated narrative; and the prayer-description given for Dhat al-Riqa does not correspond to this one. The second mistake lies in the phrase “in the seventh expedition.” Al-Bukhari’s wording is “in the expedition of the seventh (year),” i.e., an expedition that occurred in the seventh year after the Hijra. He cited it as evidence that Dhat al-Riqa took place after Khaybar, but the majority of the sira specialists disagree with him.
الحديث الثالث عن جَابِرِ بن عَبْدِ الله الأنصَارِي ﵄ قال: شَهِدتُ مع رسولِ الله ﷺ صَلاَةَ الخَوفِ، فصَففنَا صَفَّيْن خَلْفَ رَسُول الله ﷺ وَالعَدُوُّ بيننَا وَبَيْنِ القِبلَةِ، فَكَبَّرَ النبي ﷺ وكبَّْرْنا جَمَيعاً ثُم رَكَعَ وَرَكَعنَا جَميعا، ثُمَّ رَفَعَ رَأسهُ مِنَ الركُوعِ وَرَفَعنَا جَمِيعا، ثُمَّ انحَدَرَ بالسُّجُودِ وَالصف الَّذِي يلِيهِ، وَقَامَ الصَّف المُؤَخَّرُ في نَحْرِ العَدوِّ، فَلما قَضَى النبي ﷺ السُّجُودَ وَقَامَ الصف الذِي يلِيهِ، انحَدَرَ الصَّفُّ المُؤَخَّرُ بالسجُودِ وَقامُوا، ثُم تَقَدَّمَ الصف المُؤَخَّرُ وَتَأخَّرَ الصَّف المُقَدمُ ثم رَكَعَ النبيُّ ﷺ وَرَكعنَا جَمِيعاَ، ثمَّ رَفَعََ رَأسَهُ مِنَ الركُوعِ فَرَفَعْنَا جَمِيعاً، ثمَّ انْحَدَرَ بِالسجُودِ وَالصَّفُّ الذي يلِيِهِ- الّذِي كَانَ مُؤَخَّراً في الركْعَةِ الأولَى- فَقَامَ الصَّفُّ المُؤَخَّرُ في نَحْرِ العدو. فَلما قَضى النبي ﷺ السُّجُودَ وَالصَّفُّ الًذِي يليهِ، انْحَدرَ الصف المُؤَخرُ بِالسُّجُودِ فَسَجَدوا، ثم سَلَّمَ النبي ﷺ وَسَلَّمْنَا جَمِيعاً. قال جابر: كَمَا يَصنعُ حَرَسُكُم هؤُلاَءِ بِأمَرَائكُم. ذكره "مسلم " بتمامه. وذكر البخاري طرفاَ منه، وأنه صلى صلاة الخوف مع النبي ﷺ في الغزوة السابعة، غزوة " ذات الرقاع (١) " المعنى الإجمالي: هذه الكيفية المفصلة في هذا الحديث عن صلاة الخوف، مناسبة للحال التي كان عليها النبي ﷺ وأصحابه حين ذاك، من كون العدو في جهة القبلة. ويرونه في حال القيام والركوع، وقد أمنوا من كمين يأتي من خلفهم. ما يؤخذ من الحديث: ١- صلاة الخوف على هذه الصفة المذكورة، لوجود الحال المناسبة، وانتفاء المحاذير المنافية. ٢- الحراسة- هنا- وقعت في حال السجود فقط، لأنهما في غيره يرون العَدوَّ كلهم.
(١) في هذا الحديث وهمان: الأول: أن البخاري لم يخرجه ولا شيئا منه، وإنما أخرج عن جابر في غزوة " ذات الرقاع " وليس فيه صفة الصلاة. وصفة الصلاة ذات الرقاع مخالفة لهذه الكيفية، فتبين أنه ليس طرفا منه، وإنما حمله على ذلك، كونه من حديث جابر في الجملة. فظهر أن هذا الحديث ملفق في الصحيحين، فصفة الصلاة في صحيح مسلم وذكر حديث جابر في غزوة ذات الرقاع من صحيح البخاري. والصفة المذكورة للصلاة في غزوة ذات الرقاع لا تناسب هذه. الوهم الثاني قوله: " في الغزوة السابعة " ولفظ البخاري " في غزوة السابعة " يعني في غزوة السنة السابعة وقصد البخاري الاستشهاد به على أن " ذات الرقاع " بعد خيبر، لكن جمهور أهل السيرة خالفوه.

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