They also cite the ḥadīth of ʿĀʾishah recorded in the two Ṣaḥīḥs: “The prayer was originally prescribed as two rakʿahs; the travel prayer was left as it was, whereas the resident prayer was completed.”
Several replies have been offered; the soundest is that these words are ʿĀʾishah’s own statement, not traced back to the Prophet ﷺ, and she did not witness the period in which the prayer was first made obligatory.
The majority’s evidence that shortening is not compulsory includes the Almighty’s words: “There is no blame upon you for shortening the prayer” (Q 4:101). The negation of blame shows that shortening is a concession, not an absolute duty. They further argue that performing the prayer in full is the default, and shortening can only be taken from something longer than it.
They also adduce the report of ʿĀʾishah: “The Prophet ﷺ would sometimes shorten the prayer while travelling and sometimes perform it in full; he would likewise sometimes break the fast and sometimes fast.” It was transmitted by al-Dāraquṭnī, who judged its chain sound.
These proofs have been countered by saying that the verse concerns abridging the form of the prayer of fear, and that the ḥadīth is contested; Shaykh al-Islām Ibn Taymiyyah even said, “This report is falsely attributed to the Prophet ﷺ.”
I hold that the traveller should not leave off shortening: in imitation of the Prophet ﷺ, to avoid the disagreement of those who deem it obligatory, and because it is the better course according to the great majority of scholars.
Shaykh al-Islām Ibn Taymiyyah, as cited in al-Ikhtiyārāt, regarded completing the prayer on a journey as disliked, and he related that Imām Aḥmad hesitated to pronounce the prayer of one who completes it valid. Taqī al-Dīn likewise said: It is mass-transmitted that the Prophet ﷺ prayed only two rakʿahs while travelling, and Abu Bakr and ʿUmar did the same after him. This shows that two rakʿahs are preferable, as held by most scholars.
Takeaways from the ḥadīth:
1- The lawfulness of shortening the four-rakʿah prayers while travelling to two rakʿahs.