our later Ḥanafī jurists dissented, maintaining: “Both the imam and the congregation should say Amin silently.” In reality they have no proof for this except the report of Shuʿbah, “and he lowered his voice,” which—as already shown—is erroneous, contradicted by transmitters who are more reliable and more numerous, and at odds with all the hadiths cited above. Even Ibn al-Humām had to concede this point (307). The same view is related from Abu Ḥanīfah in one narration, where he states: “Those praying behind the imam pronounce Amin, whereas the imam himself does not.” His disciple Muhammad recorded this in his al-Muwaṭṭaʾ (p. 103), but then reversed himself, saying: “When the imam completes the Mother of the Book (Surat al-Fatiha), both he and the congregation should say Amin aloud.” A similar opinion is transmitted from Mālik, and another report from him reads: “He leaves off Amin only in prayers said audibly.” As al-Shawkānī remarks (2/186), the hadiths of the chapter refute both scholars. Hence the standard Ḥanafī primers unanimously abandon that narration from Abu Ḥanīfah, explicitly stating: “Both imam and follower pronounce Amin.” Issue Two: The hadith shows that the sunnah for the imam is to raise his voice when saying Amin. Al-Tirmidhī observes: “Several scholars among the Companions, the Followers, and those after them hold that a man should raise his voice with Amin and not conceal it; this is also the view of al-Shāfiʿī, Aḥmad, and Isḥāq.”(1) (1) ʿAbd Allāh b. Aḥmad reports in his Masāʾil: “I asked my father about saying Amin aloud; he replied: He should make it audible to those behind him.” Isḥāq b. Manṣūr al-Marwazī records in his Masāʾil: “Isḥāq b. Rāhawayh said: Raising the voice with Amin is a sunnah established by the Prophet ﷺ and his Companions after him, so that one’s Amin coincides with the Amin of the angels. It is even more binding on the imam, who must raise his voice enough for those immediately behind him to hear; if he raises it further so that the last rows hear, that is also commendable, because the Prophet ﷺ once said Amin until the women’s rows—standing behind the men—could hear him. Therefore neither imam nor follower may omit it because people neglect it, or from shyness, or fear of being called blameworthy, for Allah is not ashamed of the truth.” [Editorial note] The phrase “neither imam nor follower…” is defective in the printed edition of Ṣifat al-Ṣalāh. The correct wording, found in Masāʾil al-Imām Aḥmad wa Isḥāq b. Rāhawayh, pp. 547–50, reads: “…so that those behind him hear only. If he increases it so that the last rows hear, that is also commendable… Therefore no imam or follower should abandon it because people have left it, from shyness, or fear of being deemed blameworthy, for Allah is not shy of the truth.”