Malik ibn Anas declared, “The Qur’an is the speech of Allah.”

Yazid ibn Harun said, “By Him besides whom there is no god, they are nothing but zindiqs— or, he added, idolaters.”

ʿAbd Allah ibn Idris was asked about praying behind people of innovation. He replied, “People have never been entirely free of some defect or some justice; so pray behind such a person.” I asked, “What about the Jahmiyya?” He said, “No—these are combatants. One must not pray behind them, nor intermarry with them; repentance must be demanded of them.”

Hafs ibn Ghiyath was consulted and gave the same judgment as Ibn Idris concerning the killing of the Jahmiyya, adding, “I do not know them.” When it was explained to him, “They are a group who say, ‘The Qur’an is created,’” he responded, “May Allah not reward you well! You have introduced into my heart something I had never heard of before.” I said, “But they do say it.” He replied, “Such people are not to be married, and their testimony is not acceptable.”

Ibn ʿUyayna was asked and answered in a similar vein. I then came to Wakiʿ, whom I found the most knowledgeable about them. He said, “They fall into unbelief from one angle, and from another, until I deemed them unbelievers from many different angles.”

Wakiʿ also said, “The Rafidites are worse than the Qadarites; the Harurites are worse than both; and the Jahmiyya are the worst of all these factions.”

Allah says, “And Allah spoke to Moses directly” (Q 4:164), yet they say He did not speak, and they claim that faith is confined to the heart