the establishment of proof for them; then, once the issue has been properly framed and the evidence assessed, a ruling is issued.

2. Those over which disagreement exists; in addition to the above, these demand a rebuttal of the opponent’s proof.

This applies to the mujtahid—the one qualified to weigh the evidence. As for the muqallid, his duty is to consult the scholars.

Taqlid is to accept another person’s statement without proof.

Hence, whoever is capable of adducing evidence is obliged to engage in ijtihad and inference,