Hence, Islamic jurisprudence from first to last never ventures outside these four foundations. The vast majority of important rulings are upheld by all four proofs: they are established by the explicit texts of the Qur’an and the Sunnah, affirmed by scholarly consensus, and confirmed by sound analogical reasoning, which reveals the benefits and interests inherent in what is commanded and the harms found in what is forbidden. Only a few rulings remain points of contention among scholars, and the one closest to the truth is he who best refers those matters back to these four sources.