Allah created her thus for a profound wisdom, as He, glorified and exalted be He, says: “By Him who created the male and the female.” This is why the scholars said—among them the Andalusian scholar and hadith master Ibn ‘Abd al-Barr (3/326–327), whose wording is cited here:
“This hadith indicates that deficiency in religious practice may occur as an unavoidable necessity. Do you not see that Allah has fashioned women with what constitutes a deficiency in them? Allah says: ‘Men are caretakers of women because Allah has favored some of them over others.’ Allah has likewise favored some men over others, some women over others, and some prophets over others. ‘He is not questioned about what He does,’ and ‘He is the All-Wise, All-Knowing.’”
This, then, is a universal rule from which no woman can depart: every woman menstruates, just as every man emits pre-ejaculatory fluid.
Then, in His wisdom, Allah Most High has attached two fixed rulings to that innate disposition: a woman’s testimony is half that of a man’s, and a menstruating woman neither prays nor fasts. This is a rule to which there is no exception in Sacred Law, just as the preceding one admits no exception in Allah’s decree. The Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, further affirmed this reality when he said:
“Many men attained perfection, but among women none attained it except Asiyah, Pharaoh’s wife, and Mary, the daughter of Imran. And Aishah’s superiority over women is like that of tharid (a bread-and-meat dish) over all other foods.”
Reported by al-Bukhari and Muslim, and documented in al-Rawd al-Nadir (no. 73).
Comparable to this innate difference between men and women is the well-known difference between all the angels and humankind in general. Regarding the former, Allah says: “They do not disobey Allah in what He commands them, but do what they are commanded.” Human beings, by contrast, have been made naturally prone to sin, yet they have been commanded to seek forgiveness. This is expressed in his saying, peace and blessings be upon him:
“By Him in whose Hand is my soul, if you did not sin, Allah would remove you and bring a people who would sin, then seek Allah’s forgiveness, and He would forgive them.”
Reported by Muslim, and documented in this Silsilah (no. 1950).