there is no blame upon one who does not attend in the rain. This was a new ruling; were it not for it, the previous ruling would have remained in its general and comprehensive scope. Likewise, since it is also known that each prayer must be performed within its legally prescribed time—as established by the Prophet’s practice, by Gabriel’s leading him in prayer, peace be upon him, and by his statement, “The time is between these two”—then it was established that the Prophet combined the two prayers in order to remove hardship from his ummah. This is clear evidence that his combining on that occasion was actual combining. To construe it, in these circumstances, as apparent combining is to render the hadith inoperative, as is evident to any fair-minded person who reflects; for there is no hardship at all in apparent combining. Thus Imam al-Nawawi did not overstate when he said of interpreting the hadith as apparent combining: “It is invalid, because it contradicts the apparent meaning in an untenable manner.”
Two matters further confirm this. First, Ibn ʿAbbas’s hadith states that the combining took place without fear or rain. This strongly indicates that his combining in the rain was known to those present. Was the combining in the rain also merely apparent combining? Certainly not.
Nafiʿ, the freedman of Ibn ʿUmar, informs us: “When it was a rainy night, our governors would delay the Maghrib prayer and bring forward the ʿIsha prayer before the twilight had disappeared. Ibn ʿUmar would pray with them and saw no harm in it.” ʿUbayd Allah—the narrator from Nafiʿ—said: “I saw al-Qasim and Salim praying with them on such a night.” Ibn Abi Shaybah recorded it in his Muṣannaf (2/234) with an exceptionally authentic chain of transmission.
I say: his words, “before the twilight had disappeared,” explicitly show that their combining was actual combining, for the disappearance of twilight marks the end of Maghrib time, as stated in the hadith of Ibn ʿAmr recorded by Muslim (2/104–105) and others. It has also been documented in Ṣaḥīḥ Abi Dawud (425).