Ibn Abī Shaybah narrated it (8/60 and 10/363). I say: Muṣʿab is weak in hadith transmission, as stated in al-Taqrīb.

Mālik also narrated it in al-Muwaṭṭaʾ (3/125–126), from Yaḥyā ibn Saʿīd, who said: “It reached me that Khālid ibn al-Walīd said...” He then cited it in abbreviated form. Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr said after it in al-Tamhīd: “This is a well-known hadith, both with a continuous chain to the Prophet and otherwise.” He then narrated it through some of the routes mentioned earlier and said: “This hadith proves that Allah’s Speech is uncreated, for refuge is not sought in a created being.”

He then explained that the meaning of the words found in some of the earlier routes, “and that they be present with me,” is: “that they afflict me with harm,” as in Allah’s saying:

“Say: ‘My Lord, I seek refuge in You from the promptings of the devils; and I seek refuge in You, my Lord, lest they be present with me.’”

I then found a corroborating report for this hadith in the hadith of Abū Rāfiʿ: Khālid ibn al-Walīd came to the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, and complained to him of a feeling of dread that he experienced. He instructed him with words similar to it. It was narrated by ʿAbd al-Razzāq (11/35/19831), and through him by al-Bayhaqī in Shuʿab al-Īmān (4/175/4710). Its narrators are trustworthy, apart from Isḥāq ibn Ibrāhīm—al-Dabarī—concerning whom there is well-known criticism.

This supplication for refuge also occurs in the account of the devils rushing down upon the Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, and one of them attempting to burn him with a flame of fire. Gabriel instructed him to recite it, whereupon their fire was extinguished and Allah, Most High, defeated them,