the latter thereby to be identical with the former, as he claims. Rather, this is a case of conjoining the particular to the general. There is no disagreement over this, but it is not the point at issue, as is evident to anyone versed in jurisprudence.
Yet the person referred to in the preceding treatise was entirely correct in rejecting the definition found in some books of speculative theology: that a prophet is one to whom a law is revealed but who is not commanded to convey it. We have long denounced this in our gatherings and lessons, for it entails deeming it permissible to conceal knowledge—something unbecoming of scholars, let alone prophets. Allah Most High says: “Indeed, those who conceal the clear proofs and guidance We have sent down after We have made it clear to people in the Book—those Allah curses, and those who curse curse them.”
Perhaps the person in question imagined that this rejected notion arose only from the view that distinguishes between a messenger and a prophet. He therefore hastened to deny the underlying premise in order to invalidate its consequence, just as certain sects of old hastened to deny the divine decree in order to negate determinism, and as some scholars in the present age have denied the doctrine of the descent of Jesus and the emergence of the Mahdi, peace be upon him, in repudiation of the passive dependence of the masses of Muslims upon them. All of this is mistaken, even if they intended reform, for reform cannot and will not be achieved by denying a truth established by the evidence.
Had the writer in question studied this issue more broadly before committing his treatise to writing, he would have found other views, which the eminent al-Alusi comprehensively presented (5/449). He could then have chosen one that contains nothing objectionable, such as the statement of al-Zamakhshari (3/37): “The difference between the two is that a messenger is one of the prophets who, in addition to a miracle, has been given a Book sent down to him. A prophet who is not a messenger is one to whom no Book was sent down; rather, he was commanded to call people to the law of those before him.” Similar is the statement of al-Baydawi in his exegesis (4/57):