some people testified to having sighted the crescent after the people had awakened. ʿUmar ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz said: “Whoever has eaten should refrain from food, and whoever has not eaten should fast the rest of his day.”
I say: Ibn Abī Shaybah also transmitted it in al-Muṣannaf (3/69), and its chain is authentic according to the criteria of al-Bukhārī and Muslim. This was also the view chosen by Shaykh al-Islām Ibn Taymiyyah, who said in al-Ikhtiyārāt al-ʿIlmiyyah (4/63, al-Kurdī edition): “An obligatory fast is valid with an intention made during the day if its obligation was not known at night, as when reliable testimony of the crescent sighting is established during the day. He should then complete the remainder of his day, and he is not required to make it up, even if he has eaten.”
The learned Ibn al-Qayyim and al-Shawkānī followed him in this view. Whoever wishes for further clarification and detail may consult Majmūʿ al-Fatāwā of Ibn Taymiyyah (25/109 and 117–118), Zād al-Maʿād of Ibn al-Qayyim (1/235), his Tahdhīb al-Sunan (3/328), and Nayl al-Awṭār of al-Shawkānī (4/167).
Once what we have mentioned is understood, a major problem among Muslims today is resolved: namely, their disagreement over confirming the crescent of Ramadan because of differences in horizons. It is well known that when the crescent is seen in one place, it cannot possibly be seen everywhere; thus, if it is seen in the west, it cannot be seen in the east. Since the stronger view among the scholars is that the hadith, “Fast upon sighting it …,” is to be understood in its general sense, and that it cannot validly be restricted on account of differences in horizons—because such horizons are neither delimited nor defined, whether by the Sacred Law or by natural determination—then, nowadays, the sighting can be communicated to all Muslim lands by radio broadcast and the like. Accordingly, everyone to whom news of the sighting reaches must fast, even if it reaches him shortly before sunset, and he is not required to make it up, because he has fulfilled his duty within the limits of