It is also related from al-Lajlaj who said, “We would travel with ʿUmar—may Allah be pleased with him—for three miles, whereupon we would shorten the prayer and break the fast.”
Its chain can be upgraded to the rank of ḥasan: all its narrators are reliable except Abū al-Ward ibn Thumāmah, from whom only three people transmitted. Ibn Saʿd said, “He was known, though he narrated little.”
These reports therefore demonstrate the permissibility of shortening the prayer at a distance less than that indicated in the ḥadīth. Such is the juristic discernment of the Companions—may Allah be pleased with them—for the word “journey” (<i>safar</i>) occurs in the Book and the Sunnah in absolute terms, without being tied to any specific mileage, as in His saying: “And when you set out on the earth, there is no blame upon you for shortening the prayer” (4:101).
Accordingly, there is no conflict between the ḥadīth and these reports, for the ḥadīth does not negate the permissibility of shortening at a lesser distance. For this reason al-ʿAllāmah Ibn al-Qayyim said in <i>Zād al-Maʿād fī Hady Khayr al-ʿIbād</i> (1/189):
“The Messenger of Allah ﷺ did not assign for his community a fixed distance for shortening the prayer or breaking the fast; rather, he granted them that concession for any journey and for striking out upon the earth, just as he granted them <i>tayammum</i> (dry ablution) for every journey. As for what is reported from him specifying one day, two days, or three, none of it is authentically established at all. And Allah knows best.”
Shaykh al-Islām Ibn Taymiyyah likewise said:
“Every term that has no precise boundary in language or in the Law is referred back to customary usage; whatever people regard as a journey in their custom is the journey to which the Law attaches the ruling.”
The scholars have differed greatly—nearly twenty opinions—regarding the distance at which the prayer may be shortened. The view we have transmitted from Ibn Taymiyyah and Ibn al-Qayyim is the closest to the truth and most in keeping with the ease of Islam, for obligating people to shorten only during a journey restricted to one day, or three days, and the like