it, or singles it out for exception—apart from the duff (hand-drum) at weddings and on the two festivals. That alone is permissible, subject to the detailed conditions set out in the works of fiqh, which I have already cited in my refutation of Ibn Ḥazm. For this reason the four canonical schools unanimously declare all instruments of amusement unlawful. Some scholars, in addition to the duff we have just mentioned, also exempted the war-drum, and a number of contemporaries have extended that exemption to military band music. Yet there is absolutely no justification for this, for several reasons:
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It constitutes an unwarranted restriction of the prophetic texts that prohibit such instruments, without any qualifying evidence—relying solely on personal opinion and preference, which is invalid.
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In time of battle Muslims are expected to turn their hearts wholly toward their Lord and to implore Him for victory over the enemy. That is more conducive to inner calm and firmer resolve. Music undermines this state and distracts them from the remembrance of their Lord. Allah, the Exalted, says: “O you who believe, when you meet a host in battle, stand firm and remember Allah often, so that you may succeed” (Qur’an 8:45).
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The use of such music is a practice of the unbelievers—“those who do not believe in Allah or the Last Day, who do not forbid what Allah and His Messenger have forbidden, and who do not follow the religion of truth.” We are forbidden to imitate them, especially in matters that Allah has prohibited for us without exception, such as music.
Dear reader, do not be taken in by what you may hear from certain well-known jurists today who pronounce musical instruments lawful. By Allah, they issue these fatwas merely in blind imitation, pandering to the desires of people today. And whom are they imitating? None other than Ibn Ḥazm, who erred by declaring musical and entertainment instruments permissible because, in his view, the hadith of Abū Mālik al-Ashʿarī was not authentic. Yet you have already seen that the report is unquestionably sound, and that Ibn Ḥazm’s shortcoming lay in his limited expertise in hadith sciences, as has been explained. I cannot fathom what led these men to follow him here instead of the four Imams, even though they