Minhaj as-SunnahIbn Taimiya

apprehends things (1) that are particular, then the propositions we are discussing are universal and general. Universal, general propositions belong to reason, not to sense perception or to the estimative faculty that follows sense perception. Sense perception apprehends only particular things, and the same is true of the estimative faculty [according to you] (2). The refutation of these people (3) has been set out at length elsewhere. The purpose here, however, is to show that the position of those others is closer to the truth than theirs.

It may therefore be said:

If we present to reason, on the one hand, the existence of an existent that is neither within the world nor outside it, and is neither distinct from it nor spatially coincident with it (4), and, on the other hand, the existence of an existent distinct from the world and above it, yet not a body (5), reason’s assent to the second will be stronger than its assent to the first. This is present in every person’s innate disposition. Thus, the acceptance (6) of the second is closer to the innate disposition, while its aversion to the first is greater. If your claim—which is further removed from the innate disposition—must nevertheless be accepted, then the claim of these people has an even greater right to be accepted. Consequently, you cannot prove the falsity (7) (8 of their position with any argument unless that argument demonstrates the falsity of your own position even more clearly 8) (8).

If you say:

[The existence of an existent above the world that is not a body cannot be conceived by reason.

It is said to you:

Just as] (9) the existence of an existent that is neither within the world nor outside it cannot be conceived by reason.

(1) B reads: “denies particular things”; A: “they mention particular things”; N and M: “apprehends particular faculties.” (2) ʿ reads: “according to them”; the phrase is absent from N and M. (3) N and M read: “this.” (4) N, M, ʿ, and A read: “nor separate from it.” (5) ʿ reads: “and it is not a body.” (6) B, A, and M read: “the statement”; N: “then he says” (a corruption). (7) B and A read: “invalidating.” (8) (8–8): In N, this passage is incomplete and confused. M reads: “your position with an argument . . . is more warranted.” (9) The text between square brackets is absent from N and M.
يُدْرِكُ أُمُورًا (١) مُعَيَّنَةً فَهَذِهِ الْقَضَايَا الَّتِي نَتَكَلَّمُ فِيهَا قَضَايَا كُلِّيَّةٌ عَامَّةٌ، وَالْقَضَايَا الْكُلِّيَّةُ الْعَامَّةُ هِيَ لِلْعَقْلِ لَا لِلْحِسِّ وَلَا لِلْوَهْمِ الَّذِي يَتْبَعُ الْحِسَّ، فَإِنَّ الْحِسَّ لَا يُدْرِكُ إِلَّا أُمُورًا مُعَيَّنَةً، وَكَذَلِكَ الْوَهْمُ [عِنْدَكُمْ] (٢) . وَقَدْ بُسِطَ الرَّدُّ عَلَى هَؤُلَاءِ (٣) فِي غَيْرِ هَذَا الْمَوْضِعِ، لَكِنَّ الْمَقْصُودَ هُنَا بَيَانُ أَنَّ قَوْلَ أُولَئِكَ أَقْرَبُ مِنْ قَوْلِهِمْ. فَيُقَالُ: إِذَا عَرَضْنَا عَلَى الْعَقْلِ وُجُودَ مَوْجُودٍ لَا دَاخِلَ الْعَالَمِ وَلَا خَارِجَهُ، وَلَا مُبَايِنٍ لَهُ وَلَا مُحَايِثٍ لَهُ (٤) ، وَوُجُودَ مَوْجُودٍ مُبَايِنٍ لِلْعَالَمِ فَوْقَهُ وَهُوَ لَيْسَ بِجِسْمٍ (٥) ، كَانَ تَصْدِيقُ الْعَقْلِ بِالثَّانِي أَقْوَى مِنْ تَصْدِيقِهِ بِالْأَوَّلِ، وَهَذَا مَوْجُودٌ فِي فِطْرَةِ كُلِّ أَحَدٍ، فَقَبُولُ (٦) الثَّانِي أَقْرَبُ إِلَى الْفِطْرَةِ وَنُفُورُهَا عَنِ الْأَوَّلِ أَعْظَمُ فَإِنْ وَجَبَ تَصْدِيقُكُمْ فِي ذَلِكَ الْقَوْلِ الَّذِي هُوَ عَنِ الْفِطْرَةِ أَبْعَدُ كَانَ تَصْدِيقُ هَؤُلَاءِ فِي قَوْلِهِمْ أَوْلَى. وَحِينَئِذٍ فَلَيْسَ لَكُمْ أَنْ تَحْتَجُّوا عَلَى بُطْلَانِ (٧) (٨ قَوْلِهِمْ بِحُجَّةٍ إِلَّا وَهِيَ عَلَى بُطْلَانِ قَوْلِكُمْ أَدَلُّ ٨) (٨) . فَإِذَا قُلْتُمْ: [وُجُودُ مَوْجُودٍ فَوْقَ الْعَالَمِ لَيْسَ بِجِسْمٍ لَا يُعْقَلُ. قِيلَ لَكُمْ: كَمَا أَنَّ [ (٩) ] وُجُودَ مَوْجُودٍ لَا دَاخِلَ الْعَالَمِ وَلَا خَارِجَهُ لَا يُعْقَلُ.
(١) ب: يُنْكِرُ أُمُورًا ; أ: يَذْكُرُونَ أُمُورًا ; ن، م: يُدْرِكُ قُوًى. (٢) ع: عِنْدَهُمْ، وَهِيَ سَاقِطَةٌ مِنْ (ن) ، (م) . (٣) ن، م: هَذَا. (٤) ن، م، ع، ا: وَلَا مُجَانِبٍ لَهُ. (٥) ع: وَلَيْسَ بِجِسْمٍ. (٦) ب، ا، م: فَقَوْلُ ; ن: فَيَقُولُ (وَهُوَ تَحْرِيفٌ) . (٧) ب، ا: إِبْطَالِ. (٨) (٨ - ٨) : هَذَا الْكَلَامُ فِي نُسْخَةِ (ن) نَاقِصٌ وَمُضْطَرِبٌ. وَفِي (م) : قَوْلِكُمْ بِحُجَّةٍ. . أَوْلَى. (٩) مَا بَيْنَ الْمَعْقُوفَتَيْنِ سَاقِطٌ مِنْ (ن) ، (م) .

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