Minhaj as-SunnahIbn Taimiya

[They maintain that the servants’ deeds (1) are created by Allah.”

He said:

“Jaʿfar (2) 48. ibn Harb related from Hishām ibn al-Hakam] (3) that he used to say: A person’s [acts] (4) are voluntary in one respect and involuntary in another (5): voluntary (6) in that he intended and acquired them, and involuntary (7) in that they proceed from him only when a cause arises that impels him to them (8).”

He said:

“The second group among them maintain that there is neither compulsion, as the Jahmite held, nor delegation of power, as the Muʿtazila held. This is because, they claim, the reports from the Imams (9) came to that effect. They did not venture to say anything (10) about whether the servants’ acts were created or not.

The third group among them maintain that the servants’ deeds (11) are not

(1) (Ayn) reads: “acts.” (2) (Ayn) reads: “It was related from Jaʿfar.” This is Jaʿfar ibn Harb al-Hamdānī, one of the leading Muʿtazilites of Baghdad. He studied under Abū al-Hudhayl al-ʿAllāf and died in 236 AH. The Jaʿfariyya sect is attributed to him and to Abū Jaʿfar ibn Mubashshir al-Thaqafī (d. 234 AH). On him and the Jaʿfariyya, see *Tārīkh Baghdād*, 7:162; *Lisān al-Mīzān*, 2:113; al-Ziriklī, *al-Aʿlām*, 2:116–117; *al-Farq bayn al-Firaq*, pp. 101–102; and *al-Tabsīr fī al-Dīn*, pp. 47–48. (3) The passage in square brackets—“They maintain that the servants’ deeds … Hishām ibn al-Hakam”—is absent from N and M. (4) “Acts” is absent from N. The phrase “Indeed, [a person’s] acts” is absent from M, while “indeed” is absent from (Ayn). (5) (Ayn) reads: “voluntary in one respect and involuntary in another.” (6) “For him” in both occurrences is absent from *al-Maqālāt*, while (Ayn) has the adjectival form “voluntary.” (7) (Ayn) reads: “and involuntary.” (8) (Ayn) reads: “the arising of the *kasb* (acquisition) that impels him to it”; *al-Maqālāt* reads: “the arising of the cause that impels him to them.” (9) “From the Imams” is absent from B and A. (10) *Al-Maqālāt* reads: “concerning the servants’ deeds”; N reads: “nothing.” The sentence runs: “They did not venture to say anything concerning the servants’ acts—whether they are created or not.” (11) B and A read: “acts.”
[يَزْعُمُونَ أَنَّ أَعْمَالَ (١) . الْعِبَادِ مَخْلُوقَةٌ لِلَّهِ ". قَالَ: " وَحَكَى جَعْفَرُ (٢) ٤٨. بْنُ حَرْبٍ عَنْ هِشَامِ بْنِ الْحَكَمِ] (٣) . أَنَّهُ كَانَ يَقُولُ: إِنَّ [أَفْعَالَ] (٤) الْإِنْسَانِ اخْتِيَارٌ لَهُ مِنْ وَجْهٍ، اضْطِرَارٌ لَهُ مِنْ وَجْهٍ (٥) .: اخْتِيَارٌ (٦) . مِنْ وَجْهٍ أَنَّهُ أَرَادَهَا وَاكْتَسَبَهَا، وَاضْطِرَارٌ (٧) . مِنْ جِهَةِ أَنَّهَا لَا تَكُونُ مِنْهُ إِلَّا عِنْدَ حُدُوثِ السَّبَبِ الْمُهَيِّجِ عَلَيْهِ (٨) ". قَالَ: " وَالْفِرْقَةُ الثَّانِيَةُ مِنْهُمْ: يَزْعُمُونَ أَنْ لَا جَبْرَ كَمَا قَالَ الْجَهْمِيُّ، وَلَا تَفْوِيضَ كَمَا قَالَتِ الْمُعْتَزِلَةُ ; لِأَنَّ الرِّوَايَةَ عَنِ الْأَئِمَّةِ (٩) - زَعَمُوا - جَاءَتْ بِذَلِكَ، وَلَمْ يَتَكَلَّفُوا أَنْ يَقُولُوا فِي أَفْعَالِ الْعِبَادِ هَلْ هِيَ مَخْلُوقَةٌ أَمْ لَا شَيْئًا (١٠) . وَالْفِرْقَةُ الثَّالِثَةُ مِنْهُمْ: يَزْعُمُونَ أَنَّ أَعْمَالَ (١١) . الْعِبَادِ غَيْرُ
(١) ع: أَفْعَالَ (٢) ع: وَحُكِيَ عَنْ جَعْفَرٍ، وَهُوَ جَعْفَرُ بْنُ حَرْبٍ الْهَمْدَانِيُّ، مِنْ كِبَارِ مُعْتَزِلَةِ بَغْدَادَ، أَخَذَ الْعِلْمَ عَنْ أَبِي الْهُذَيْلِ الْعَلَّافِ، وَتُوُفِّيَ سَنَةَ ٢٣٦، وَتُنْسَبُ إِلَيْهِ وَإِلَى أَبِي جَعْفَرِ بْنِ مُبَشِّرٍ الثَّقَفِيِّ (الْمُتَوَفَّى سَنَةَ ٢٣٤) فِرْقَةُ الْجَعْفَرِيَّةِ. . وَانْظُرْ عَنْهُ وَعَنِ الْجَعْفَرِيَّةِ: تَارِيخَ بَغْدَادَ ٧/١٦٢، لِسَانَ الْمِيزَانِ ٢/١١٣ ; الْأَعْلَامَ لِلزِّرِكْلِيِّ ٢/١١٦ - ١١٧ ; الْفَرْقَ بَيْنَ الْفِرَقِ ١٠١ - ١٠٢ ; التَّبْصِيرَ فِي الدِّينِ، ص ٤٧ - (٣) مَا بَيْنَ الْمَعْقُوفَتَيْنِ وَهُوَ: " يَزْعُمُونَ أَنَّ أَعْمَالَ. . هِشَامِ بْنِ الْحَكَمِ ": سَاقِطٌ مِنْ (ن) ، (م) (٤) أَفْعَالَ: سَاقِطَةٌ مِنْ (ن) . وَسَقَطَتْ عِبَارَةُ " إِنَّ أَفْعَالَ " مِنْ (م) ، " إِنَّ " مِنْ (ع) . (٥) ع: اخْتِيَارِيَّةٌ مِنْ وَجْهٍ اضْطِرَارِيَّةٌ مِنْ وَجْهٍ (٦) لَهُ لَهُ: سَاقِطَةٌ مِنَ " الْمَقَالَاتِ "، وَفِي (ع) : اخْتِيَارِيَّةٌ (٧) ع: وَاضْطِرَارِيَّةٌ (٨) ع: حُدُوثِ الْكَسْبِ الْمُهَيَّجِ عَلَيْهِ ; الْمَقَالَاتِ: حُدُوثِ السَّبَبِ الْمُهَيِّجِ عَلَيْهَا. (٩) عَنِ الْأَئِمَّةِ: سَاقِطَةٌ مِنْ (ب) ، (أ) . (١٠) الْمَقَالَاتِ: فِي أَعْمَالِ الْعِبَادِ. ن: لَا شَيْءَ. وَسِيَاقُ الْجُمْلَةِ: وَلَمْ يَتَكَلَّفُوا أَنْ يَقُولُوا شَيْئًا فِي أَفْعَالِ الْعِبَادِ: هَلْ هِيَ مَخْلُوقَةٌ أَمْ لَا. (١١) ب، أ: أَفْعَالَ

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