Minhaj as-SunnahIbn Taimiya

It is said to him in reply:

The mind’s postulation of these categories does not entail that they exist in extramental reality or that their existence there is possible. This is like saying: A thing is either necessary, possible, or neither necessary nor possible; a thing is either eternal, originated, or neither eternal nor originated; a thing either subsists by itself, [subsists] in another (1), or neither subsists by itself nor in another; and a thing is either existent, nonexistent, or neither existent nor nonexistent.

Such suppositions and classifications do not establish that a thing is possible or that it exists in extramental reality. Rather, the possibility of a thing is known from its existence, the existence (2) of its analogue, or the existence of something when the thing in question is even more apt to exist than that whose existence is known, or through other similar methods.

Extramental possibility (3) is established through methods such as these. Mental possibility, however, merely means that the impossibility of a thing is not known. Yet lack of knowledge that it is impossible does not constitute knowledge that it is possible.

If the negationist says:

“Anything described as living, knowing, and powerful; anything possessing life, knowledge, and power; anything that may be seen; anything above the world; or anything of that sort—

(1) N and M read: “or subsisting in another.” (2) N and M read: “or the existence of.” (3) N and M read: “Thus, possibility.”
فَيُقَالُ لَهُ: تَقْدِيرُ الْعَقْلِ لِهَذِهِ الْأَقْسَامِ لَا يَقْتَضِي وُجُودَهَا فِي الْخَارِجِ وَلَا إِمْكَانَ وَجُودِهَا فِي الْخَارِجِ، فَإِنَّ هَذَا مِثْلُ أَنْ يُقَالَ: الشَّيْءُ إِمَّا أَنْ يَكُونَ وَاجِبًا، وَإِمَّا أَنْ يَكُونَ مُمْكِنًا، وَإِمَّا أَنْ يَكُونَ لَا وَاجِبًا وَلَا مُمْكِنًا ; وَالشَّيْءُ إِمَّا أَنْ يَكُونَ قَدِيمًا وَإِمَّا أَنْ يَكُونَ مُحْدَثًا، وَإِمَّا أَنْ يَكُونَ لَا قَدِيمًا وَلَا مُحْدَثًا ; وَالشَّيْءُ إِمَّا أَنْ يَكُونَ قَائِمًا بِنَفْسِهِ، وَإِمَّا [أَنْ يَكُونَ] قَائِمًا بِغَيْرِهِ (١) ، وَإِمَّا أَنْ يَكُونَ لَا قَائِمًا بِنَفْسِهِ وَلَا قَائِمًا بِغَيْرِهِ، وَالشَّيْءُ إِمَّا أَنْ يَكُونَ مَوْجُودًا، وَإِمَّا أَنْ يَكُونَ مَعْدُومًا، وَإِمَّا أَنْ يَكُونَ لَا مَوْجُودًا وَلَا مَعْدُومًا. فَإِنَّ أَمْثَالَ هَذِهِ التَّقْدِيرَاتِ وَالتَّقْسِيمَاتِ لَا تُثْبِتُ إِمْكَانَ الشَّيْءِ وَوُجُودَهُ فِي الْخَارِجِ، بَلْ إِمْكَانُ الشَّيْءِ يُعْلَمُ بِوُجُودِهِ أَوْ بِوُجُودِ (٢) نَظِيرِهِ أَوْ وُجُودِ مَا يَكُونُ الشَّيْءُ أَوْلَى بِالْوُجُودِ مِنْ ذَلِكَ الَّذِي عُلِمَ وُجُودُهُ، أَوْ بِنَحْوِ ذَلِكَ مِنَ الطُّرُقِ. وَالْإِمْكَانُ (٣) الْخَارِجِيُّ يُثْبَتُ بِمِثْلِ هَذِهِ الطُّرُقِ، وَأَمَّا الْإِمْكَانُ الذِّهْنِيُّ فَهُوَ أَنْ لَا يُعْلَمَ امْتِنَاعُ الشَّيْءِ، وَلَكِنَّ عَدَمَ الْعِلْمِ بِالْامْتِنَاعِ لَيْسَ عِلْمًا بِالْإِمْكَانِ. فَإِنْ قَالَ النَّافِي: كُلُّ مَا اتَّصَفَ بِأَنَّهُ حَيٌّ عَلِيمٌ قَدِيرٌ، أَوْ مَا كَانَ لَهُ حَيَاةٌ وَعِلْمٌ وَقُدْرَةٌ، أَوْ مَا يَجُوزُ أَنْ يُرَى، أَوْ مَا يَكُونُ فَوْقَ الْعَالَمِ، أَوْ نَحْوُ ذَلِكَ
(١) ن، م: أَوْ قَائِمًا بِغَيْرِهِ. (٢) ن، م: أَوْ وُجُودِ. (٣) ن، م: فَالْإِمْكَانُ.

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