Minhaj as-SunnahIbn Taimiya

It is well known that dividing an entire thing existing in the external world into its portions and parts is a more familiar usage than dividing a universal concept existing in the mind into its species and individual instances. Thus He, Exalted is He, says:

{And inform them that the water is to be shared between them, each taking their turn to drink.}

[Surah al-Qamar: 28]

And He says:

{And when close relatives are present at the division...}

[Surah al-Nisā’: 8]

And he—peace and blessings be upon him—said:

“By Allah, I neither give to anyone (1) nor withhold from anyone. I am merely a distributor, dividing among you.” (2)

And he said:

“An estate is not to be broken up (3), except insofar as it admits of division.” (4)

And the words of the Companions [may Allah’s pleasure

(1) N reads: “Indeed, by Allah, I do not give to anyone”; M reads: “By Allah, I do not give to anyone.” (2) I have not found the hadith in this wording. A hadith to the same effect, narrated from Abū Hurayra—may Allah be pleased with him—appears in *al-Bukhārī*, 4:85 (Book of the Obligation of the One-Fifth, chapter “Indeed, One-Fifth Belongs to Allah and the Messenger”). See also *Fath al-Bārī*, 6:152–153; *al-Musnad* (al-Maʿārif ed.), 12:180 (no. 7193 M); and *Dar Taʿārud al-Aql wa-l-Naql*, 8:278. (3) B reads: “There is no *maʿsaba* in inheritance.” N and M read: “Nor shall they disobey him in what is right” (which is erroneous). A has an incompletely dotted form corresponding to “No fragmentation in inheritance,” with the dots omitted from the *tā* and *dād*. The correct reading is the one I have established in the text. (4) The hadith appears in *Sunan al-Bayhaqī*, 10:133, where it reads: “Abū Ubayd said: His words, ‘No estate is to be fragmented,’ mean that a person dies leaving property which, if divided among the heirs at the request of some of them, would cause harm to all or some of them. He is saying that it must therefore not be divided. *Taʿdiya* means separation and derives from dividing something into parts. Thus, ‘I divided the meat’ means that I separated it. Al-Zaʿfarānī said: Al-Shāfiʿī stated in his earlier view, ‘A hadith of this kind cannot serve as proof because it is weak. This is also the view of the jurists whom we met.’ The shaykh, al-Bayhaqī, said: ‘Its weakness is due only to the interruption in its chain, and this is the view of all.’” In al-Suyūtī’s *al-Jāmi al-Kabīr*, 1:896, it reads: “No fragmentation [sic] is to be imposed upon the heirs, except where the estate admits of division. Abū Ubayd in *al-Gharīb*; Q (al-Bayhaqī in his *Sunan*), from Abū Bakr ibn Muhammad ibn Amr ibn Hazm as a *mursal* report.” See also Ibn al-Athīr, *al-Nihāya fī Gharīb al-Hadīth*, 3:106, entry “ʿadā.”
وَمِنَ الْمَعْلُومِ أَنَّ قِسْمَةَ كُلِّ الشَّيْءِ الْمَوْجُودِ فِي الْخَارِجِ إِلَى أَبْعَاضِهِ وَأَجْزَائِهِ، أَشْهَرُ مِنْ قِسْمَةِ الْمَعْنَى الْعَامِّ الَّذِي فِي الذِّهْنِ إِلَى أَنْوَاعِهِ وَأَشْخَاصِهِ، كَقَوْلِهِ تَعَالَى: {وَنَبِّئْهُمْ أَنَّ الْمَاءَ قِسْمَةٌ بَيْنَهُمْ كُلُّ شِرْبٍ مُحْتَضَرٌ} [سُورَةُ الْقَمَرِ: ٢٨] ، وَقَوْلِهِ: {وَإِذَا حَضَرَ الْقِسْمَةَ أُولُو الْقُرْبَى} [سُورَةُ النِّسَاءِ: ٨] وَقَوْلِهِ عَلَيْهِ الصَّلَاةُ وَالسَّلَامُ: " «وَاللَّهِ إِنِّي مَا أُعْطِي أَحَدًا (١) وَلَا أَمْنَعُ أَحَدًا وَإِنَّمَا أَنَا قَاسِمٌ أَقْسِمُ بَيْنَكُمْ» " (٢) ، وَقَوْلِهِ: " «لَا تَعْضِيَةَ فِي الْمِيرَاثِ (٣) إِلَّا مَا حَمَلَ الْقَسْمُ» " (٤) . وَقَوْلِ الصَّحَابَةِ [رِضْوَانُ اللَّهِ
(١) ن: إِنِّي وَاللَّهِ لَا أُعْطِي أَحَدًا ; م: وَاللَّهِ لَا أُعْطِي أَحَدًا. (٢) لَمْ أَجِدِ الْحَدِيثَ بِهَذَا اللَّفْظِ، وَالْحَدِيثُ بِمَعْنَاهُ عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُ فِي الْبُخَارِيِّ: ٤/٨٥ (كِتَابُ فَرْضِ الْخُمْسِ، بَابُ فَإِنَّ لِلَّهِ خُمْسَهُ وَلِلرَّسُولِ) وَانْظُرْ (فَتْحَ الْبَارِي ٦/١٥٢ - ١٥٣) ; الْمُسْنَدَ (ط. الْمَعَارِفِ) ١٢/١٨٠ (رَقْمَ: ٧١٩٣ م) . وَانْظُرْ دَرْءَ تَعَارُضِ الْعَقْلِ وَالنَّقْلِ ٨/٢٧٨. (٣) ب: لَا مَعْصَبَةَ فِي الْمِيرَاثِ ; ن، م: وَلَا يَعْصِينَّهُ فِي مَعْرُوفٍ (وَهُوَ خَطَأٌ) ; أ: لَا ـعْصبَه (كَذَا بِدُونِ نَقْطِ التَّاءِ وَالضَّادِ) فِي الْمِيرَاثِ، وَالصَّوَابُ مَا أَثْبَتُّهُ. (٤) الْحَدِيثُ فِي سُنَنِ الْبَيْهَقِيِّ ١٠/١٣٣ وَفِيهِ: " قَالَ أَبُو عُبَيْدٍ: قَوْلُهُ: لَا تَعْضِيَةَ فِي الْمِيرَاثِ، يَعْنِي أَنْ يَمُوتَ الْمَيِّتُ وَيَدَعَ شَيْئًا، إِنْ قُسِّمَ بَيْنَ وَرَثَتِهِ، إِذَا أَرَادَ بَعْضُهُمُ الْقِسْمَةَ كَانَ فِي ذَلِكَ ضَرَرٌ عَلَيْهِمْ أَوْ عَلَى بَعْضِهِمْ. يَقُولُ: فَلَا يُقَسَّمُ. وَالتَّعْضِيَةُ التَّفْرِيقُ، وَهُوَ مَأْخُوذٌ مِنَ الْإِعْضَاءِ، يُقَالُ: عَضَّيْتُ اللَّحْمَ إِذَا فَرَّقْتُهُ: قَالَ الزَّعْفَرَانِيُّ: قَالَ الشَّافِعِيُّ فِي الْقَدِيمِ: وَلَا يَكُونُ مِثْلُ هَذَا الْحَدِيثِ حُجَّةً، لِأَنَّهُ ضَعِيفٌ. وَهُوَ قَوْلُ مَنْ لَقِينَا مِنْ فُقَهَائِنَا. قَالَ الشَّيْخُ (الْبَيْهَقِيُّ) : وَإِنَّمَا ضَعْفُهُ لِانْقِطَاعِهِ وَهُوَ قَوْلُ الْكَافَّةِ ". وَفِي " الْجَامِعِ الْكَبِيرِ " لِلسُّيُوطِيِّ ١/٨٩٦: " لَا تَعْضِيَةَ (كَذَا) عَلَى أَهْلِ الْمِيرَاثِ إِلَّا مَا حَمَلَ الْقَسْمُ. أَبُو عُبَيْدٍ فِي الْغَرِيبِ ق (الْبَيْهَقِيُّ فِي سُنَنِهِ) عَنْ أَبِي بَكْرِ بْنِ مُحَمَّدِ بْنِ عَمْرٍو بْنِ حَزْمٍ مُرْسَلًا ". وَانْظُرْ " النِّهَايَةَ فِي غَرِيبِ الْحَدِيثِ " لِابْنِ الْأَثِيرِ ٣/١٠٦ مَادَّةَ " عَضَا ".

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