16
—may Allah bless him and grant him peace. They said (1): The term khalīfa (successor) applies only to someone appointed as successor by another. They understood the fa‘īl pattern here in the sense of a passive participle. This therefore showed that the Prophet—may Allah bless him and grant him peace—had designated (2) a successor over his community.
Those who disputed this argument replied: The term khalīfa applies both to someone whom another has appointed as successor and to someone who succeeds another. In the latter usage, the fa‘īl pattern carries the sense of an active participle, as when one says, “So-and-so succeeded so-and-so.” Similarly, the Prophet—may Allah bless him and grant him peace—said in the two Sahīh collections (3):
“Whoever equips a fighter has thereby taken part in the campaign, and whoever takes good care of his family in his absence has thereby taken part in the campaign.” (4)
And in another hadith:
“O Allah, You are the Companion on the journey and the One who watches over the family in our absence. O Allah, accompany us on our journey and watch over our family in our absence.” (5)
(1) N and M read: “He said.”
(2) N and M read: “He appointed him as successor.”
(3) A and B read: “in an authentic hadith.”
(4) The hadith is narrated from Zayd ibn Khālid—may Allah be pleased with him—in *Sahīh al-Bukhārī*, 4/27 (*Book of Jihad*, chapter “The Merit of Equipping a Fighter”); *Sahīh Muslim*, 3/1506–1507 (*Book of Governance*, chapter “The Merit of Assisting a Fighter…”); *Sunan Abī Dāwūd*, 3/18 (*Book of Jihad*, chapter “Reports Concerning One Who Equips a Fighter”); and *al-Musnad* (al-Halabī ed.), 4/115–117 and 5/193.
(5) A and B read: “our families.” The hadith in this wording forms the first part of a hadith narrated from Abd Allāh ibn Sarjis—may Allah be pleased with him—in *Sunan al-Tirmidhī*, 5/161 (*Book of Supplications*, chapter “What One Says When Setting Out on a Journey”). Al-Tirmidhī said: “This is a sound and authentic hadith.” It also forms part of another hadith narrated from Abd Allāh ibn Umar—may Allah be pleased with him—in *Sunan al-Tirmidhī*, 5/165 (*Book of Supplications*, chapter “What One Says When Mounting a Riding Animal”). The hadith begins: Ibn Umar reported that when the Prophet—may Allah bless him and grant him peace—set out on a journey and mounted his riding animal, he would proclaim Allah’s greatness three times and say: “Glory be to Him who has subjected this to us, though we could never have mastered it, and surely to our Lord we shall return.” He would then say: “O Allah, I ask You during this journey of mine…” to the end of the hadith. Al-Tirmidhī said: “This is a sound hadith.” This latter hadith is also found in *al-Musnad* (al-Ma‘ārif ed.), 9/138–139.
The first of these phrases—namely, the Prophet’s words, “O Allah, You are the Companion on the journey and the One who watches over the family in our absence”—appears in many hadiths. These include a hadith narrated from Ibn Umar in *Sahīh Muslim*, 2/978 (*Book of Hajj*, chapter “What One Says When Mounting for a Journey of Hajj or Otherwise”), and *al-Musnad* (al-Ma‘ārif ed.), 9/185; a hadith narrated from Abū Hurayra in *Sunan al-Tirmidhī*, 5/160 (*Book of Supplications*, chapter “What One Says When Setting Out on a Journey”), and *al-Musnad* (al-Ma‘ārif ed.), 18/21–22, and (al-Halabī ed.), 2/433; and a hadith narrated from Ibn Abbās in Ahmad’s *Musnad* (al-Ma‘ārif ed.), 4/87 and 255.
- صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ - قَالُوا
(١)
: وَالْخَلِيفَةُ إِنَّمَا يُقَالُ لِمَنِ اسْتَخْلَفَهُ غَيْرُهُ، وَاعْتَقَدُوا أَنَّ الْفَعِيلَ بِمَعْنَى الْمَفْعُولِ، فَدَلَّ ذَلِكَ عَلَى أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ - صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ - اسْتَخْلَفَ
(٢)
عَلَى أُمَّتِهِ.
وَالَّذِينَ نَازَعُوهُمْ فِي هَذِهِ الْحُجَّةِ قَالُوا:
الْخَلِيفَةُ يُقَالُ لِمَنِ اسْتَخْلَفَهُ غَيْرُهُ، وَلِمَنْ خَلَّفَ غَيْرَهُ فَهُوَ فَعِيلٌ بِمَعْنَى فَاعِلٍ،
كَمَا يُقَالُ:
خَلَفَ فُلَانٌ فُلَانًا. كَمَا قَالَ النَّبِيُّ - صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ - فِي الصَّحِيحَيْنِ
(٣)
:
"
«مَنْ جَهَّزَ غَازِيًا فَقَدْ غَزَا، وَمَنْ خَلَفَهُ فِي أَهْلِهِ بِخَيْرٍ فَقَدْ غَزَا»
"
(٤)
.
وَفِي الْحَدِيثِ الْآخَرِ:
"
«اللَّهُمَّ أَنْتَ الصَّاحِبُ فِي السَّفَرِ وَالْخَلِيفَةُ فِي الْأَهْلِ، اللَّهُمَّ اصْحَبْنَا فِي سَفَرِنَا وَاخْلُفْنَا فِي أَهْلِنَا»
"
(٥)
.
(١) ن، م: قَالَ.
(٢) ن، م: اسْتَخْلَفَهُ.
(٣) أ، ب: فِي الْحَدِيثِ الصَّحِيحِ.
(٤) الْحَدِيثُ عَنْ زَيْدِ بْنِ خَالِدٍ - رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُ - فِي الْبُخَارِيِّ ٤/٢٧ (كِتَابُ الْجِهَادِ، بَابُ فَضْلِ مَنْ جَهَّزَ غَازِيًا) ؛ مُسْلِمٍ ٣/١٥٠٦ - ١٥٠٧ (كِتَابُ الْإِمَارَةِ، بَابُ فَضْلِ إِعَانَةِ الْغَازِي. . . .) ؛ سُنَنِ أَبِي دَاوُدَ ٣/١٨ (كِتَابُ الْجِهَادِ، بَابُ مَا جَاءَ فِيمَنْ جَهَّزَ غَازِيًا؛ الْمُسْنَدِ (ط. الْحَلَبِيِّ) ٤/١١٥، ١١٦، ١١٧، ٥/١٩٣.
(٥) أ، ب: أَهْلِينَا. وَالْحَدِيثُ بِهَذَا اللَّفْظِ هُوَ الْجُزْءُ الْأَوَّلُ مِنْ حَدِيثٍ عَنْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ سَرْجِسَ - رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُ - فِي سُنَنِ التِّرْمِذِيِّ ٥/١٦١ (كِتَابُ الدَّعَوَاتِ، بَابُ مَا يَقُولُ إِذَا خَرَجَ مُسَافِرًا) وَقَالَ التِّرْمِذِيُّ: " وَهَذَا حَدِيثٌ حَسَنٌ صَحِيحٌ ". وَهُوَ جُزْءٌ مِنْ حَدِيثٍ آخَرَ عَنْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ عُمَرَ - رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُ - فِي سُنَنِ التِّرْمِذِيِّ ٥/١٦٥ (كِتَابُ الدَّعَوَاتِ، بَابُ مَا جَاءَ فِيمَا يَقُولُ إِذَا رَكِبَ دَابَّةً) وَأَوَّلُ الْحَدِيثِ: عَنِ ابْنِ عُمَرَ أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ - صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ - كَانَ إِذَا سَافَرَ فَرَكِبَ رَاحِلَتَهُ كَبَّرَ ثَلَاثًا وَقَالَ: (سُبْحَانَ الَّذِي سَخَّرَ لَنَا هَذَا وَمَا كُنَّا لَهُ مُقْرِنِينَ وَإِنَّا إِلَى رَبِّنَا لَمُنْقَلِبُونَ) . ثُمَّ يَقُولُ: اللَّهُمَّ إِنِّي أَسْأَلُكَ فِي سَفَرِي هَذَا. . . الْحَدِيثَ. وَقَالَ التِّرْمِذِيُّ: " هَذَا حَدِيثٌ حَسَنٌ ". وَهَذَا الْحَدِيثُ الْآخَرُ فِي الْمُسْنَدِ (ط. الْمَعَارِفِ) ٩/١٣٨ - ١٣٩. وَجَاءَ الْجُزْءُ الْأَوَّلُ مِنْ هَذِهِ الْعِبَارَاتِ وَهُوَ قَوْلُ النَّبِيِّ - صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ -: " اللَّهُمَّ أَنْتَ الصَّاحِبُ فِي السَّفَرِ وَالْخَلِيفَةُ فِي الْأَهْلِ " فِي أَحَادِيثَ كَثِيرَةٍ، مِنْهَا حَدِيثٌ عَنِ ابْنِ عُمَرَ فِي مُسْلِمٍ ٢/٩٧٨ (كِتَابُ الْحَجِّ، بَابُ مَا يَقُولُ إِذَا رَكِبَ إِلَى سَفَرِ الْحَجِّ وَغَيْرِهِ) ؛ الْمُسْنَدِ (ط. الْمَعَارِفِ) ٩/١٨٥. وَمِنْهَا حَدِيثٌ عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ فِي سُنَنِ التِّرْمِذِيِّ ٥/١٦٠ (كِتَابُ الدَّعَوَاتِ، بَابُ مَا يَقُولُ إِذَا خَرَجَ مُسَافِرًا) ؛ الْمُسْنَدِ (ط. الْمَعَارِفِ) ١٨/٢١ - ٢٢، (ط. الْحَلَبِيِّ) ٢/٤٣٣. وَمِنْهَا حَدِيثٌ عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ فِي مُسْنَدِ أَحْمَدَ (ط. الْمَعَارِفِ) ٤/٨٧،، ٢٥٥.