16
The Rāfidah and the Jahmiyyah](1) are the gateway for these heretics; through them, they gain entry into every form of heresy concerning Allah’s names and the verses of [His clear Book, as this was established by] the leading figures [among the heretics from] the Qarmatians(2) of the Bātiniyyah(3), as well as other hypocrites.
The person who brought this book stated that it was among [the greatest means of establishing their doctrines] among the kings and others who inclined toward them. Its author had composed it(4) for the well-known king whom he called therein(5) [Khudābandah(6), and they asked me to explain what this]
(1) The Jahmiyyah are those affiliated with Jahm ibn Safwān, Abū Muhriz, a client of Banū Rāsib. He was from Khurāsān and studied under al-Jad ibn Dirham. He also associated with Muqātil ibn Sulaymān, who belonged to the Murjiah. Jahm served as secretary to al-Hārith ibn Surayj, one of the leaders of Khurāsān, and joined his revolt against the Umayyads. Both were killed at Marw in 128 AH.
The term Jahmiyyah is sometimes used broadly for all who deny the divine attributes. At other times, it is used specifically for the followers of Jahm ibn Safwān and his doctrines, foremost among which are the denial of the divine attributes, *jabr* (the doctrine that human beings are compelled in their acts), and the belief that Paradise and Hell will cease to exist. See al-Asharī, *Maqālāt*, 1:197–98, 224, 312; *al-Milal wa-l-Nihal*, 1:79–81; *al-Farq bayna al-Firaq*, 128–29; and *al-Tabsīr fī al-Dīn*, 63–64. See also Ibn Taymiyyah’s discussion of the Jahmiyyah in *al-Tisīniyyah*, included in *al-Fatāwā*, 5:31–35 (Cairo, 1329).
(2) The Qarmatians, a branch of the Bātiniyyah, are named after Hamdān ibn al-Ashath, who was known as Qarmat. He studied under Husayn al-Ahwāzī, the emissary of Ubayd Allah ibn Maymūn al-Qaddāh. He later established a headquarters near Kūfah, which he named *Dār al-Hijrah* (the Abode of Emigration). From there, he and his followers launched raids against the Muslims. His movement spread throughout many parts of the Islamic world and caused considerable unrest and warfare. Ibn Tāhir al-Baghdādī states in *al-Farq bayna al-Firaq*, p. 177, that Hamdān Qarmat was one of the Harranian Sabians. See also Hīwār, “Hamdān Qarmat,” in the *Encyclopaedia of Islam*; Adam Mez, *Islamic Civilization in the Fourth Hijri Century*, 2:45–49 (Cairo, 1948); *al-Farq bayna al-Firaq*, 169–72; and al-Asharī, *Maqālāt*, 1:98.
(3) In (م): *al-Bātinah*.
(4) In (أ): “he made it.”
(5) The word “therein” is added in (م) and (ن).
(6) *Khudābandah*: this is the reading in (ب). All the other manuscripts read *Khadhābandah*.
وَالرَّافِضَةُ، وَالْجَهْمِيَّةُ]
(١)
هُمُ الْبَابُ لِهَؤُلَاءِ الْمُلْحِدِينَ، مِنْهُمْ يَدْخُلُونَ إِلَى سَائِرِ أَصْنَافِ الْإِلْحَادِ فِي أَسْمَاءِ اللَّهِ، وَآيَاتِ
[كِتَابِهِ الْمُبِينِ، كَمَا قَرَّرَ ذَلِكَ]
رُءُوسُ
[الْمُلْحِدَةِ مِنَ]
الْقَرَامِطَةِ
(٢)
الْبَاطِنِيَّةِ
(٣)
، وَغَيْرِهِمْ مِنَ الْمُنَافِقِينَ.
وَذَكَرَ مَنْ أَحْضَرَ هَذَا الْكِتَابَ أَنَّهُ مِنْ
[أَعْظَمِ الْأَسْبَابِ فِي تَقْرِيرِ مَذَاهِبِهِمْ]
عِنْدَ مَنْ مَالَ إِلَيْهِمْ مِنَ الْمُلُوكِ، وَغَيْرِهِمْ، وَقَدْ صَنَّفَهُ
(٤)
لِلْمَلِكِ الْمَعْرُوفِ الَّذِي سَمَّاهُ فِيهِ
(٥)
[خَدَابَنْدَهْ
(٦)
، وَطَلَبُوا مِنِّي بَيَانَ مَا فِي هَذَا]
(١) الْجَهْمِيَّةُ هُمُ الْمُنْتَسِبُونَ إِلَى جَهْمِ بْنِ صَفْوَانَ أَبِي مُحْرِزٍ مَوْلَى بَنِي رَاسِبٍ، وَهُوَ مِنْ أَهْلِ خُرَاسَانَ، وَقَدْ تَتَلْمَذَ عَلَى الْجَعْدِ بْنِ دِرْهَمٍ، كَمَا اتَّصَلَ بِمُقَاتِلِ بْنِ سُلَيْمَانَ مِنَ الْمُرْجِئَةِ. وَكَانَ الْجَهْمُ كَاتِبًا لِلْحَارِثِ بْنِ سُرَيْجٍ مِنْ زُعَمَاءِ خُرَاسَانَ، وَخَرَجَ مَعَهُ عَلَى الْأُمَوِيِّينَ، فَقُتِلَا بِمَرْوَ سَنَةَ ١٢٨ هـ.
وَالْجَهْمِيَّةُ تُطْلَقُ أَحْيَانًا بِمَعْنًى عَامٍّ وَيُقْصَدُ بِهَا نُفَاةُ الصِّفَاتِ عَامَّةً، وَتُطْلَقُ أَحْيَانًا بِمَعْنًى خَاصٍّ وَيُقْصَدُ بِهَا مُتَابِعُو الْجَهْمِ بْنِ صَفْوَانَ فِي آرَائِهِ وَأَهَمُّهَا نَفْيُ الصِّفَاتِ وَالْقَوْلُ بِالْجَبْرِ وَالْقَوْلُ بِفَنَاءِ الْجَنَّةِ وَالنَّارِ. انْظُرْ مَقَالَاتِ الْأَشْعَرِيِّ ١/١٩٧ - ١٩٨، ٢٢٤، ٣١٢؛ الْمِلَلَ وَالنِّحَلَ ١/٧٩ - ٨١؛ الْفَرْقَ بَيْنَ الْفِرَقِ ١٢٨ - ١٢٩؛ التَّبْصِيرَ فِي الدِّينِ ٦٣ - ٦٤. وَانْظُرْ أَيْضًا مَا ذَكَرَهُ ابْنُ تَيْمِيَّةَ عَنِ الْجَهْمِيَّةِ فِي " التِّسْعِينِيَّةِ " ضِمْنَ الْفَتَاوَى ٥/٣١ - ٣٥، الْقَاهِرَةَ ١٣٢٩.
(٢) الْقَرَامِطَةُ مِنَ الْبَاطِنِيَّةِ هُمُ الَّذِينَ يَنْتَسِبُونَ إِلَى حَمْدَانَ بْنِ الْأَشْعَثِ الَّذِي كَانَ يُلَقَّبُ بِقَرْمَطَ وَقَدْ تَتَلْمَذَ عَلَى حُسَيْنٍ الْأَهْوَازِيِّ رَسُولِ عُبَيْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ مَيْمُونٍ الْقَدَّاحِ، ثُمَّ اتَّخَذَ لِنَفْسِهِ مَقَرًّا قُرْبَ الْكُوفَةِ سَمَّاهُ " دَارَ الْهِجْرَةِ " وَأَخَذَ هُوَ وَأَتْبَاعُهُ يَشُنُّونَ مِنْهُ الْغَارَاتِ عَلَى الْمُسْلِمِينَ، وَقَدِ انْتَشَرَتْ دَعْوَتُهُ فِي أَنْحَاءَ كَثِيرَةٍ فِي الْعَالَمِ الْإِسْلَامِيِّ وَكَانَتْ سَبَبًا فِي كَثِيرٍ مِنَ الْقَلَاقِلِ وَالْحُرُوبِ. وَذَكَرَ ابْنُ طَاهِرٍ الْبَغْدَادِيُّ (الْفَرْقَ بَيْنَ الْفِرَقِ، ص ١٧٧) أَنَّ حَمْدَانَ قَرْمَطَ كَانَ مِنَ الصَّابِئَةِ الْحَرَّانِيَّةِ. انْظُرْ أَيْضًا: هِيوَارَ فِي دَائِرَةِ الْمَعَارِفِ الْإِسْلَامِيَّةِ، مَادَّةَ: حَمْدَانَ قَرْمَطَ؛ آدَم مِتْز: الْحَضَارَةَ الْإِسْلَامِيَّةَ فِي الْقَرْنِ الرَّابِعِ الْهِجْرِيِّ ٢/٤٥ - ٤٩، الْقَاهِرَةَ، ١٩٤٨؛ الْفَرْقَ بَيْنَ الْفِرَقِ ١٦٩ - ١٧٢؛ مَقَالَاتِ الْأَشْعَرِيِّ ١/٩٨.
(٣) م: الْبَاطِنَةِ.
(٤) أ: صَنَعَهُ.
(٥) فِيهِ: زِيَادَةٌ فِي (م) ، (ن) .
(٦) خَدَابَنْدَهْ: كَذَا فِي (ب) . وَفِي سَائِرِ النُّسَخِ: خَذَابَنْدَهْ.