Minhaj as-Sunnah - Ibn Taimiya - (8/516)

Minhaj as-SunnahIbn Taimiya

humbled, and he was forbidden to conclude treaties with them without jizyah, as had previously been the practice, this was (1) an indication that polytheists whose standing was below theirs were even less entitled to a truce without jizyah. Rather, they were to be fought until they paid jizyah with willing submission, being humbled.

For this reason, the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, said concerning the Magians:

“Treat them as you treat the People of the Book.”

He concluded a peace agreement with the people of Bahrain requiring them to pay jizyah, and there were Magians among them. His successors (2) and all the Muslim scholars agreed on this. In the early days of Islam, the practice was to fight the disbelievers and conclude truces with them without jizyah, as the Prophet, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, used to do before the revelation of Surah Barā’ah (Disavowal). When “Barā’ah” was revealed, Allah commanded him therein to renounce these unrestricted treaties and to fight the People of the Book until they paid jizyah. Others were therefore all the more deserving of being fought rather than granted treaties.

And His words, Most High:

“Then, when the sacred months have passed, kill the polytheists wherever you find them, capture them, besiege them, and lie in wait for them at every place of ambush.”

And He said:

(1) ن، س، ب: kāna (“was”). (2) Al-Muwatta’, 1:278 (Book of Zakat, chapter on jizyah from the People of the Book and the Magians), hadith no. 41, reports from Ibn Shihāb: “It has reached me that the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, collected jizyah from the Magians of Bahrain, that ‘Umar ibn al-Khattāb collected it from the Magians of Persia, and that ‘Uthmān ibn ‘Affān collected it from the Berbers.” Hadith no. 42 reports that ‘Umar ibn al-Khattāb mentioned the Magians and said: “I do not know how to deal with them.” ‘Abd al-Rahmān ibn ‘Awf replied: “I testify that I heard the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, say: ‘Treat them as you treat the People of the Book.’” Al-Bukhārī, 4:96 (Book of Jizyah, chapter on jizyah and truces with those at war with the Muslims), reports that ‘Umar, may Allah be pleased with him, did not collect jizyah from the Magians until ‘Abd al-Rahmān ibn ‘Awf testified that the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, had collected it from the Magians of Hajar. On the same page, ‘Amr ibn ‘Awf al-Ansārī reports that the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, sent Abū ‘Ubaydah ibn al-Jarrāh to Bahrain to bring back its jizyah.

صَاغِرُونَ وَنُهِيَ عَنْ مُعَاهَدَتِهِمْ بِلَا جِزْيَةٍ، كَمَا كَانَ الْأَمْرُ أَوَّلًا، وَكَانَ (١) هَذَا تَنْبِيهًا عَلَى أَنَّ مَنْ هُوَ دُونَهُمْ مِنَ الْمُشْرِكِينَ أَوْلَى أَنْ لَا يُهَادَنَ بِغَيْرِ جِزْيَةٍ، بَلْ يُقَاتَلُ حَتَّى يُعْطُوا الْجِزْيَةَ عَنْ يَدٍ وَهُمْ صَاغِرُونَ. وَلِهَذَا قَالَ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فِي الْمَجُوسِ: " «سُنُّوا بِهِمْ سُنَّةَ أَهْلِ الْكِتَابِ» " وَصَالَحَ أَهْلَ الْبَحْرَيْنِ عَلَى الْجِزْيَةِ، وَفِيهِمْ مَجُوسٌ وَاتَّفَقَ عَلَى ذَلِكَ خُلَفَاؤُهُ (٢) وَسَائِرُ عُلَمَاءِ الْمُسْلِمِينَ، وَكَانَ الْأَمْرُ فِي أَوَّلِ الْإِسْلَامِ أَنَّهُ يُقَاتِلُ الْكُفَّارَ وَيُهَادِنُهُمْ بِلَا جِزْيَةٍ كَمَا كَانَ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ يَفْعَلُهُ قَبْلَ نُزُولِ بَرَاءَةَ، فَلَمَّا نَزَلَتْ " بَرَاءَةُ " أَمَرَهُ فِيهَا بِنَبْذِ هَذِهِ الْعُهُودِ الْمُطْلَقَةِ، وَأَمَرَهُ أَنْ يُقَاتِلَ أَهْلَ الْكِتَابِ حَتَّى يُعْطُوا الْجِزْيَةَ، فَغَيْرُهُمْ أَوْلَى أَنْ يُقَاتَلُوا وَلَا يُعَاهَدُوا. وَقَوْلُهُ تَعَالَى: {فَإِذَا انْسَلَخَ الْأَشْهُرُ الْحُرُمُ فَاقْتُلُوا الْمُشْرِكِينَ حَيْثُ وَجَدْتُمُوهُمْ وَخُذُوهُمْ وَاحْصُرُوهُمْ وَاقْعُدُوا لَهُمْ كُلَّ مَرْصَدٍ} ، وَقَالَ:

(١) ن، س، ب: كَانَ (٢) فِي الْمُوَطَّأِ ١/٢٧٨ (كِتَابُ الزَّكَاةِ، بَابُ جِزْيَةِ أَهْلِ الْكِتَابِ وَالْمَجُوسِ) فِي الْحَدِيثِ رَقْمِ ٤١ عَنِ ابْنِ شِهَابٍ قَالَ: بَلَغَنِي أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ أَخَذَ الْجِزْيَةَ مِنْ مَجُوسِ الْبَحْرَيْنِ وَأَنَّ عُمَرَ بْنِ الْخَطَّابِ أَخَذَهَا مِنْ مَجُوسِ فَارِسَ، وَأَنَّ عُثْمَانَ بْنَ عَفَّانَ أَخَذَهَا مِنَ الْبَرْبَرِ. وَفِي حَدِيثِ رَقْمِ ٤٢ أَنَّ عُمَرَ بْنَ الْخَطَّابِ ذَكَرَ الْمَجُوسَ فَقَالَ: مَا أَدْرِي كَيْفَ أَصْنَعُ فِي أَمْرِهِمْ؟ فَقَالَ عَبْدُ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنُ عَوْفٍ: أَشْهَدُ لَسَمِعْتُ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ يَقُولُ: " سُنُّوا بِهِمْ سُنَّةَ أَهْلِ الْكِتَابِ " وَفِي الْبُخَارِيِّ ٤/٩٦ (كِتَابُ الْجِزْيَةِ، بَابُ الْجِزْيَةِ وَالْمُوَادَعَةِ مَعَ أَهْلِ الْحَرْبِ) أَنَّ عُمَرَ رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُ لَمْ يَأْخُذِ الْجِزْيَةَ مِنَ الْمَجُوسِ حَتَّى شَهِدَ عَبْدُ الرَّحْمَنِ بْنُ عَوْفٍ أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ أَخَذَهَا مِنْ مَجُوسِ هَجَرَ. وَفِي نَفْسِ الصَّفْحَةِ عَنْ عَمْرِو بْنِ عَوْفٍ الْأَنْصَارِيِّ أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ بَعَثَ أَبَا عُبَيْدَةَ بْنَ الْجَرَّاحِ إِلَى الْبَحْرَيْنِ يَأْتِي بِجِزْيَتِهَا.