“Whoever departs from the Muslim community by so much as a handspan has cast off the bond of Islam from his neck.” (1)
Ibn ʿUmar reported that the Prophet—may Allah bless him and grant him peace—said:
“Whoever breaks away from the community by so much as a handspan has cast off the bond of Islam from his neck until he returns to it. Whoever dies without being under the authority of a leader of the community dies a death like that of the age of ignorance.” (2)
Al-Hārith al-Ashʿarī reported: The Messenger of Allah—may Allah bless him and grant him peace—said:
“I command you to observe five things that Allah has commanded me: adherence to the community, listening, obedience, migration, and jihad. Whoever breaks away from the community by so much as a handspan has cast off the bond of Islam from his head (3), unless he returns.” (4)
(1) Al-Hākim reported this hadith in his Mustadrak, 1/117, through two chains of transmission. On the second occasion, he said: “Khālid ibn Wahbān has not been criticized for his narrations. He is a well-known tābi‘ī (Successor), although al-Bukhārī and Muslim did not include his report. This same text has also been transmitted from ‘Abd Allāh ibn ‘Umar through an authentic chain meeting their criteria.” Al-Dhahabī said: “Khālid has not been deemed weak.”
(2) Al-Hākim reported this hadith from Ibn ‘Umar in his Mustadrak, 1/117, and stated, as I mentioned in the preceding note, that its chain is authentic and meets the criteria of al-Bukhārī and Muslim. Al-Dhahabī reproduced the hadith without commenting on it. Al-Hākim also reported a longer version earlier in the same work, 1/77–78, saying: “This hadith is authentic according to the criteria of al-Bukhārī and Muslim. Al-Hajjāj ibn Muhammad also transmitted it from al-Layth, but neither included it.” Al-Dhahabī said: “It meets their criteria. Hajjāj al-A‘war transmitted it from al-Layth.”
(3) min ra’sihi (from his head): omitted in (m).
(4) This is part of a lengthy hadith reported from al-Hārith ibn al-Hārith al-Ash‘arī in al-Tirmidhī’s Sunan, 4/225–227 (Book of Parables, Chapter on Parables of Prayer, Fasting, and Charity). It begins there: “Allah commanded Yahyā ibn Zakariyyā to observe five injunctions…” The remainder of the hadith follows. It includes the Prophet’s words—may Allah bless him and grant him peace—“I also command you to observe five…” and so forth. Al-Tirmidhī said: “This is a hasan sahīh gharīb hadith.” The hadith also appears in al-Musnad (al-Halabī edition), 4/1130, 202. Al-Albānī authenticated it in Sahīh al-Jāmi‘ al-Saghīr, 2/97–100, and stated that it also appears in Musnad al-Tayālisī and Sahīh Ibn Khuzayma. Al-Suyūtī listed: Hm (Musnad Ahmad), Tkh (al-Bukhārī’s al-Tārīkh), T (Sunan al-Tirmidhī), N (Sunan al-Nasā’ī), Hb (Sahīh Ibn Hibbān), and K (al-Hākim’s al-Mustadrak).
The hadith appears in al-Hākim’s Mustadrak, 1/117–118, through three chains of transmission. Al-Hākim said: “This hadith is authentic according to the principle we have established concerning Companions when we find only one narrator transmitting from them, for al-Hārith al-Ash‘arī is a well-known Companion. I heard Abū al-‘Abbās Muhammad ibn Ya‘qūb say: ‘I heard al-Dūrī say: “I heard Yahyā ibn Ma‘īn say: ‘Al-Hārith al-Ash‘arī was a Companion.’”’” Al-Dhahabī said: “Al-Bukhārī and Muslim did not include it because Abū Sallām alone transmitted from al-Hārith.”