and earth? Is there any deity with Allah? Say, ‘Produce your proof, if you are truthful.’”

[Surah al-Naml: 64]

Thus, anyone who is truthful must have proof of his truthfulness, and what is definitively established as true is known.

Every argument this man has advanced contains falsehood. It is therefore (1) impossible for him to cite a single argument all of whose premises are true, for true premises cannot establish a falsehood. Allah Most High willing, we shall show, with regard to (2) each of them, what exposes its falsity. Calling these “proofs” is thus one of the grossest forms of falsehood.

Moreover, in interpreting the Quran, he relies on a statement attributed to some person, even though it may have been falsely attributed to him; and even if the attribution is accurate, most people have disagreed with him. If the statement of a single person [which] (3) has not been shown to be true, and which the majority oppose, constitutes proof, then he can produce (4) many proofs of this (5) kind for the opposite of what he asserts. The proofs would then conflict and contradict one another, whereas proofs do not contradict one another.

Rather, Allah Most High willing, we shall demonstrate (6) that true proofs which do not contradict one another establish (7) the falsity of what he claims to be proofs, and that most of them contain manifest falsehood,