16
in righteousness] (1). How, then, could this be the religion of Islam—[indeed, Islam’s most fundamental principle] (2)—when it is not (3) attested by the Book, the Sunnah, or any statement of the early generations?!
[The Emergence of the Philosophers]
Thereafter, heretical philosophers and others arose within the Muslim world. They appeared and spread after the passing of the favored eras (4) (5). Whenever and wherever the light of Islam grew dim, they emerged. One reason for their emergence was that they assumed the religion of Islam consisted solely of what those innovators taught. They regarded that (6 as rationally unsound, and consequently regarded the commonly known religion of Islam 6) (6) as rationally unsound. Their extremists therefore attacked Islam in its entirety—by hand and tongue—such as the Khurramiyya, the followers of Bābak al-Khurramī (7), the Qarmatians of Bahrain, the followers of Abū Saʿīd al-Jannābī, and others (8).
(1) “to them in righteousness” is added in A and B.
(2) The text in square brackets is omitted from N and M.
(3) A and B read: “what has not.”
(4) N and M read: “the eras.”
(5) A and B read: “separate.”
(6) The passage between markers 6–6 is omitted from M, A, and B.
(7) Bābak al-Khurramī was a leader of the Bātiniyya and a follower of the Khurramiyya—or Khurramdīniyya—and of Abū Muslim al-Khurāsānī. He emerged at Jabal al-Badīn in the region of Azerbaijan and gained numerous followers. They deemed forbidden acts lawful, advocated permissiveness, and killed many Muslims. The armies of al-Mutasim fought him for a long time until they captured, crucified, and killed him in 223 AH at Samarra. See: al-Farq bayna al-Firaq, pp. 161, 171; Ibn al-Nadīm, al-Fihrist, pp. 342–344; Qawāid Aqāid Āl Muhammad, p. 37; Tārīkh al-Tabarī, 9:11–55; Dāirat al-Maārif al-Islāmiyya, two articles on “Bābak”; al-Milal wa-al-Nihal, 1:216; Bayān Madhhab al-Bātiniyya, pp. 24–25; Fadāih al-Bātiniyya, pp. 14–16.
(8) Abū Saīd al-Hasan ibn Bahrām al-Jannābī, the leader and dāī (missionary) of the Qarmatians, worked in the flour trade in Jannāba, Persia, before being exiled from there. He then settled in Bahrain as a merchant, and Hamdān Qarmat appointed him as a dāī in southern Persia. Al-Jannābī fought the Abbasid state and seized Hajar, al-Ahsā, al-Qatīf, and the other lands of Bahrain. He burned copies of the Quran and mosques. In 301 AH, one of his servants assassinated him. See: al-Bidāya wa-al-Nihāya, 11:121; al-Muntazam, 6:121–122; Bayān Madhhab al-Bātiniyya, pp. 5, 20–21, 81, 87–88; al-Alām, 2:99; al-Farq bayna al-Firaq, pp. 169, 174; Qawāid Aqāid Āl Muhammad, p. [0–9]3; Tārīkh al-Tabarī, 10:71, 75, 78, 85, 104; Nashat al-Fikr al-Falsafī fī al-Islām, 2:437–439, 465.
بِإِحْسَانٍ]
(١)
فَكَيْفَ يَكُونُ دِينَ الْإِسْلَامِ،
[بَلْ أَصْلَ أُصُولِ دِينِ الْإِسْلَامِ]
(٢)
مِمَّا لَمْ
(٣)
يَدُلَّ عَلَيْهِ لَا كِتَابٌ وَلَا سُنَّةٌ وَلَا قَوْلُ أَحَدٍ مِنَ السَّلَفِ؟ ! .
[ظهور الفلاسفة]
ثُمَّ حَدَثَ بَعْدَ هَذَا فِي الْإِسْلَامِ الْمَلَاحِدَةُ مِنَ الْمُتَفَلْسِفَةِ وَغَيْرِهِمْ، حَدَثُوا وَانْتَشَرُوا بَعْدَ انْقِرَاضِ الْعُصُورِ
(٤)
الْمُفَضَّلَةِ
(٥)
، وَصَارَ كُلُّ زَمَانٍ وَمَكَانٍ يَضْعُفُ فِيهِ نُورُ الْإِسْلَامِ يَظْهَرُونَ فِيهِ، وَكَانَ مِنْ أَسْبَابِ ظُهُورِهِمْ أَنَّهُمْ ظَنُّوا أَنَّ دِينَ الْإِسْلَامِ لَيْسَ إِلَّا مَا يَقُولُهُ أُولَئِكَ الْمُبْتَدِعُونَ، وَرَأَوْا ذَلِكَ
(٦ فَسَادًا فِي الْعَقْلِ، فَرَأَوْا دِينَ الْإِسْلَامِ الْمَعْرُوفَ ٦)
(٦)
فَاسِدًا فِي الْعَقْلِ فَكَانَ غُلَاتُهُمْ طَاعِنِينَ فِي دِينِ الْإِسْلَامِ بِالْكُلِّيَّةِ - بِالْيَدِ وَاللِّسَانِ - كَالْخُرَّمِيَّةِ أَتْبَاعِ بَابَكَ الْخُرَّمِيِّ
(٧)
وَقَرَامِطَةُ الْبَحْرَيْنِ أَتْبَاعُ أَبِي سَعِيدٍ الْجَنَّابِيِّ وَغَيْرُهُمْ
(٨)
.
(١) لَهُمْ بِإِحْسَانٍ: زِيَادَةٌ فِي (ا) ، (ب) .
(٢) مَا بَيْنَ الْمَعْقُوفَتَيْنِ سَاقِطٌ مِنْ (ن) ، (م) .
(٣) ا، ب: مَا لَمْ.
(٤) ن، م: الْأَعْصَارِ.
(٥) ا، ب: الْمُنْفَصِلَةِ.
(٦) (٦ - ٦) : سَاقِطٌ مِنْ (م) ، (ا) ، (ب) .
(٧) بَابَكُ الْخُرَّمِيُّ مِنْ زُعَمَاءِ الْبَاطِنِيَّةِ مِنْ أَتْبَاعِ الْخُرَّمِيَّةِ (أَوِ الْخُرْمَدِينِيَّةِ) وَمِنْ أَتْبَاعِ أَبِي مُسْلِمٍ الْخُرَاسَانِيِّ وَقَدْ ظَهَرَ فِي جَبَلِ الْبَدِينِ بِنَاحِيَةِ أَذْرَبِيجَانَ وَكَثُرَ أَتْبَاعُهُ وَاسْتَحَلُّوا الْمُحَرَّمَاتِ وَأَبَاحُوا وَقَتَلُوا الْكَثِيرَ مِنَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ، وَحَارَبَتْهُ جُيُوشُ الْمُعْتَصِمِ مُدَّةً طَوِيلَةً إِلَى أَنْ أَسَرَتْهُ فَصَلَبَتْهُ وَقَتَلَتْهُ سَنَةَ ٢٢٣ بِسُرَّ مَنْ رَأَى. انْظُرْ: الْفَرْقَ بَيْنَ الْفِرَقِ، ص ١٦١، ١٧١؛ ابْنَ النَّدِيمِ: الْفِهْرِسْتَ، ص ٣٤٢ - ٣٤٤؛ قَوَاعِدَ عَقَائِدِ آلِ مُحَمَّدٍ، ص ٣٧؛ تَارِيخَ الطَّبَرِيِّ، ٩/١١ - ٥٥؛ دَائِرَةَ الْمَعَارِفِ الْإِسْلَامِيَّةِ، مَقَالَتَانِ عَنْ " بَابَكَ "؛ الْمِلَلَ وَالنِّحَلَ ١/٢١٦؛ بَيَانَ مَذْهَبِ الْبَاطِنِيَّةِ، ص ٢٤ - ٢٥؛ فَضَائِحَ الْبَاطِنِيَّةِ، ص ١٤ - ١٦.
(٨) أَبُو سَعِيدٍ الْحَسَنُ بْنُ بَهْرَامَ الْجَنَّابِيُّ رَأْسُ الْقَرَامِطَةِ وَدَاعِيَتُهُمْ، كَانَ دَقَّاقًا مِنْ أَهْلِ جَنَّابَةَ بِفَارِسَ وَنُفِيَ مِنْهَا، فَأَقَامَ فِي الْبَحْرَيْنِ تَاجِرًا، وَأَقَامَهُ حَمْدَانُ قُرْمُطَ دَاعِيَةً فِي فَارِسَ الْجَنُوبِيَّةِ. وَقَدْ حَارَبَ الْجَنَّابِيُّ الدَّوْلَةَ الْعَبَّاسِيَّةَ وَاسْتَوْلَى عَلَى هَجَرَ وَالْأَحْسَاءِ وَالْقَطِيفِ وَسَائِرِ بِلَادِ الْبَحْرَيْنِ، وَأَحْرَقَ الْمَصَاحِفَ وَالْمَسَاجِدَ. وَفِي عَامِ ٣٠١ اغْتَالَهُ أَحَدُ الْخَدَمِ. انْظُرْ عَنْهُ: الْبِدَايَةَ وَالنِّهَايَةَ ١١/١٢١؛ الْمُنْتَظِمَ ٦/١٢١ - ١٢٢؛ بَيَانَ مَذْهَبِ الْبَاطِنِيَّةِ ص ٥، ٢٠ - ٢١، ٨١، ٨٧ - ٨٨؛ الْأَعْلَامَ ٢/٩٩؛ الْفَرْقَ بَيْنَ الْفِرَقِ، ص ١٦٩، ١٧٤؛ قَوَاعِدَ عَقَائِدِ آلِ مُحَمَّدٍ، ص [٠ - ٩] ٣؛ تَارِيخَ الطَّبَرِيِّ ١٠/٧١، ٧٥، ٧٨، ٨٥، ١٠٤؛ نَشْأَةَ الْفِكْرِ الْفَلْسَفِيِّ فِي الْإِسْلَامِ ٢/٤٣٧ - ٤٣٩، ٤٦٥.