16
[The sixth cause: righteous deeds performed after a person’s death whose reward is dedicated to him], such as when someone gives charity on his behalf, performs Hajj on his behalf, or fasts on his behalf. Authentic hadiths establish that this reaches the deceased and benefits him. The supplication of his child is a different matter, for it counts among his own deeds.
The Prophet—may Allah bless him and grant him peace—said:
“When a son of Adam dies, his deeds cease except for three: an ongoing charity, knowledge from which benefit is derived, or a righteous child who supplicates for him.”
Muslim narrated it (1). His child is part of what he has earned, and the child’s supplication is counted among his deeds. This is unlike the supplication of someone other than his child: it is not counted among his deeds, yet Allah benefits him through it.
[The seventh cause: worldly afflictions through which Allah expiates sins] (2).
(* As reported in an authentic hadith, the Prophet—may Allah bless him and grant him peace—said:
“No illness, fatigue, distress, anxiety (3), grief, or harm afflicts a believer—even the prick of a thorn—without Allah thereby expiating some of his sins.” (4), (5).
In the two Sahih collections, the Prophet—may Allah bless him and grant him peace—said:
“The likeness of
(1) The hadith of Abū Hurayra—may Allah be pleased with him—is found in Muslim, 3:1255 (Book of Bequests, chapter “The Reward That Reaches a Person after His Death”); *Sunan Abī Dāwūd*, 3:159 (Book of Bequests, chapter “Reports Concerning Charity on Behalf of the Deceased”); *Sunan al-Tirmidhī*, 2:418 (Book of Legal Judgments, chapter “Reports Concerning Endowments”), where al-Tirmidhī said, “This is a *hasan sahīh* (good and authentic) hadith”; *Sunan al-Nasāʾī*, 6:210 (Book of Bequests, chapter “The Merit of Charity on Behalf of the Deceased”); *Sunan Ibn Mājah*, 1:88 (Introduction, chapter “The Reward of One Who Teaches People Good”); and *al-Musnad*, al-Maʿārif edition, 17:28–29.
(2) H and R read: “his sins.”
(3) R reads: “nor anxiety nor distress.”
(4) (*) The text between the two asterisks is omitted from H.
(5) Ibn Taymiyya has combined two hadiths here. The first is narrated from ʿĀʾisha—may Allah be pleased with her—and reads: “No affliction befalls a Muslim without some of his sins being expiated thereby—even the prick of a thorn.” With variations in wording, it is found in Muslim, 4:1992 (Book of Virtue, Maintaining Ties, and Etiquette, chapter “The Believer’s Reward for Afflictions That Befall Him”). The same chapter contains other hadiths from her and from other Companions with similar wording and meaning. It is also found in *Sunan al-Tirmidhī*, 2:220 (Book of Funerals, chapter “Reports Concerning the Reward for Illness”), where al-Tirmidhī said, “The hadith of ʿĀʾisha is a *hasan sahīh* hadith.”
The second hadith appears at the same location in *Sunan al-Tirmidhī* and reads: “Nothing afflicts a believer—whether fatigue, grief, illness, or even a worry that troubles him—without Allah thereby expiating some of his misdeeds.” This hadith is narrated from Abū Saʿīd al-Khudrī—may Allah be pleased with him. Al-Tirmidhī said, “This is a *hasan* (good) hadith on this subject.” Some transmitters narrated it from ʿAtāʾ ibn Yasār, from Abū Hurayra, from the Prophet—may Allah bless him and grant him peace. Versions from both Abū Saʿīd and Abū Hurayra appear in Muslim, 4:1992–1993, at the location cited in the preceding note. The version from Abū Saʿīd al-Khudrī also appears in *al-Musnad*, al-Halabī edition, 3:4, 24, 38, 61.
[السبب السادس ما يُفعل بعد الموت من عمل صالح يهدى له]
ُ، مِثْلُ مَنْ يَتَصَدَّقُ عَنْهُ، وَيَحُجُّ عَنْهُ، وَيَصُومُ عَنْهُ. فَقَدْ ثَبَتَ فِي الْأَحَادِيثِ الصَّحِيحَةِ أَنَّ ذَلِكَ يَصِلُ إِلَى الْمَيِّتِ وَيَنْفَعُهُ، وَهَذَا غَيْرُ دُعَاءِ وَلَدِهِ، فَإِنَّ ذَلِكَ مِنْ عَمَلِهِ.
قَالَ النَّبِيُّ - صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ -:
"
«إِذَا مَاتَ ابْنُ آدَمَ انْقَطَعَ عَمَلُهُ إِلَّا مِنْ ثَلَاثٍ: صَدَقَةٍ جَارِيَةٍ، أَوْ عِلْمٍ يُنْتَفَعُ بِهِ، أَوْ وَلَدٍ صَالِحٍ يَدْعُو لَهُ»
"
رَوَاهُ مُسْلِمٌ
(١)
. فَوَلَدُهُ مِنْ كَسْبِهِ، وَدُعَاؤُهُ مَحْسُوبٌ مِنْ عَمَلِهِ،
بِخِلَافِ دُعَاءِ غَيْرِ الْوَلَدِ:
فَإِنَّهُ لَيْسَ مَحْسُوبًا مِنْ عَمَلِهِ، وَاللَّهُ يَنْفَعُهُ بِهِ.
[السبب السابع المصائب الدنيوية التي يكفر الله بها الخطايا]
(٢)
. (* كَمَا فِي الصَّحِيحِ عَنِ النَّبِيِّ - صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ -
أَنَّهُ قَالَ:
" «مَا يُصِيبُ الْمُؤْمِنَ مِنْ وَصَبٍ وَلَا نَصَبٍ، وَلَا غَمٍّ وَلَا هَمٍّ
(٣)
، وَلَا حَزَنٍ وَلَا أَذًى، حَتَّى الشَّوْكَةِ يُشَاكُهَا، إِلَّا كَفَّرَ اللَّهُ بِهَا مِنْ خَطَايَاهُ»
(٤)
،
(٥)
"
.
وَفِي الصَّحِيحَيْنِ عَنِ النَّبِيِّ - صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ -
أَنَّهُ قَالَ:
" «مَثَلُ
(١) الْحَدِيثُ عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُ فِي مُسْلِمٍ ٣/١٢٥٥ (كِتَابُ الْوَصِيَّةِ، بَابُ مَا يَلْحَقُ الْإِنْسَانَ مِنَ الثَّوَابِ بَعْدَ وَفَاتِهِ) ؛ سُنَنِ أَبِي دَاوُدَ ٣ \ - ١٥٩ (كِتَابُ الْوَصَايَا بَابُ مَا جَاءَ فِي الصَّدَقَةِ عَنِ الْمَيِّتِ) ؛ سُنَنِ التِّرْمِذِيِّ ٢/٤١٨ (كِتَابُ الْأَحْكَامِ، بَابُ مَا جَاءَ فِي الْوَقْفِ) وَقَالَ التِّرْمِذِيُّ: هَذَا حَدِيثٌ حَسَنٌ صَحِيحٌ؛ سُنَنِ النَّسَائِيِّ ٦/٢١٠ (كِتَابُ الْوَصَايَا، بَابُ فَضْلِ الصَّدَقَةِ عَنِ الْمَيِّتِ) ؛ سُنَنِ ابْنِ مَاجَهْ ١/٨٨ (الْمُقَدِّمَةُ، بَابُ ثَوَابِ مُعَلِّمِ النَّاسِ الْخَيْرَ) ؛ الْمُسْنَدِ ط. الْمَعَارِفِ ١٧ ٢٨ - ٢٩
(٢) ح، ر: خَطَايَاهُ.
(٣) ر: وَلَا هَمٍّ وَلَا غَمٍّ.
(٤) *) مَا بَيْنَ النَّجْمَتَيْنِ سَاقِطٌ مِنْ (ح) .
(٥) جَمَعَ ابْنُ تَيْمِيَّةَ هُنَا بَيْنَ حَدِيثِينَ، الْأَوَّلُ عَنْ عَائِشَةَ رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهَا وَنَصُّهُ: مَا مِنْ مُصِيبَةٍ يُصَابُ بِهَا الْمُسْلِمُ إِلَّا كُفِّرَ بِهَا عَنْهُ حَتَّى الشَّوْكَةِ يُشَاكُهَا، وَالْحَدِيثُ مَعَ اخْتِلَافٍ فِي الْأَلْفَاظِ فِي مُسْلِمٍ ٤/١٩٩٢ (كِتَابُ الْبِرِّ وَالصِّلَةِ وَالْآدَابِ، بَابُ ثَوَابِ الْمُؤْمِنِ فِيمَا يُصِيبُهُ) وَجَاءَتْ أَحَادِيثُ أُخْرَى عَنْهَا وَعَنْ غَيْرِهَا مِنَ الصَّحَابَةِ فِي الْبَابِ نَفْسِهِ مُقَارِبَةً فِي الْمَعْنَى وَاللَّفْظِ، وَالْحَدِيثُ أَيْضًا فِي: سُنَنِ التِّرْمِذِيِّ ٢/٢٢٠ (كِتَابُ الْجَنَائِزِ بَابُ مَا جَاءَ فِي ثَوَابِ الْمَرَضِ) وَقَالَ التِّرْمِذِيُّ: حَدِيثُ عَائِشَةَ حَدِيثٌ حَسَنٌ صَحِيحٌ، وَالْحَدِيثُ الثَّانِي فِي نَفْسِ الْمَكَانِ فِي سُنَنِ التِّرْمِذِيِّ وَنَصُّهُ: مَا مِنْ شَيْءٍ يُصِيبُ الْمُؤْمِنَ مِنْ نَصَبٍ وَلَا حَزَنٍ وَلَا وَصَبٍ حَتَّى الْهَمِّ يَهُمُّهُ إِلَّا يُكَفِّرُ اللَّهُ بِهِ عَنْ سَيِّئَاتِهِ. وَهَذَا الْحَدِيثُ عَنْ أَبِي سَعِيدٍ الْخُدْرِيِّ رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُ، وَقَالَ التِّرْمِذِيُّ: هَذَا حَدِيثٌ حَسَنٌ فِي هَذَا الْبَابِ، وَقَدْ رَوَى بَعْضُهُمْ هَذَا الْحَدِيثَ عَنْ عَطَاءِ بْنِ يَسَارٍ عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ عَنِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ، وَجَاءَ الْحَدِيثُ عَنْهُمَا فِي: مُسْلِمٍ ٤/١٩٩٢ - ١٩٩٣ الْمَوْضِعِ السَّابِقِ فِي التَّعْلِيقِ السَّابِقِ، كَمَا جَاءَ عَنْ أَبِي سَعِيدٍ الْخُدْرِيِّ فِي: الْمُسْنَدِ ط. الْحَلَبِيِّ ٣/٤، ٢٤، ٣٨، ٦١