16
with palm fronds, sandals, the ends of garments (1), and the stalk of a date cluster (2). The prescribed punishments for falsely accusing someone of illicit sexual intercourse and for illicit sexual intercourse itself, however, are administered only with a whip. As for the number of strokes for drinking wine (3), the Companions administered forty strokes and also eighty. It is authentically established that Ali—may Allah be pleased with him—said:
“Both are in accordance with the Sunnah.”
(4) The jurists hold two views on this matter. One view is that the strokes beyond forty form part of the obligatory prescribed punishment. This is the position of Abū Hanīfa, Mālik, and Ahmad in one of the two reports [from him] (5).
The other view is that they are a discretionary punishment which the ruler may impose or omit according to the best interests involved. This is the position of al-Shāfiī and Ahmad in the other report, and it is the more evident view. Umar—may Allah be pleased with him—would also impose shaving and banishment as punishments for drinking wine. These were forms of supplementary discretionary punishment in such cases.
It has also been narrated that the Prophet—may Allah bless him and grant him peace—ordered the drinker to be killed on the [third or] fourth occasion (6). This was related by Imam Ahmad, al-Tirmidhī, and others (7).
(1) (N) reads: “vegetation.”
(2) Lisān al-Arab states: “Ithkāl, uthkūl, and uthkūla mean idhq (a date cluster). Uthkūl and ithkāl also mean shimrākh (a fruit-bearing branchlet), namely one of the stalks in a date bunch that bears unripe dates. On a date palm, it is equivalent to a cluster of grapes on a vine.”
(3) (R) and (Y) read: “regarding the prescribed punishment for drinking wine.”
(4) Muslim, 3/1331–1332, Book of Prescribed Punishments, chapter “The Prescribed Punishment for Drinking Wine,” contains a report in which Ali ibn Abī Tālib—may Allah be pleased with him—said: “The Prophet—may Allah bless him and grant him peace—administered forty lashes; Abū Bakr administered forty; and Umar administered eighty. Each is Sunnah, and this is dearer to me.” A report with the same meaning also appears in Sunan Abī Dāwūd, 4/228, Book of Prescribed Punishments, chapter “The Prescribed Punishment for Drinking Wine”; and Sunan Ibn Mājah, 2/858, Book of Prescribed Punishments, chapter “The Prescribed Punishment for an Intoxicated Person.”
(5) “From him” is an addition in (H) and (B).
(6) (N) and (M) read: “on the fourth occasion.”
(7) Several hadiths were transmitted from a number of Companions explicitly stating that a person who repeatedly drinks wine is to be killed. Among them is the hadith of Muāwiya ibn Abī Sufyān—may Allah be pleased with him—who reported that the Messenger of Allah—may Allah bless him and grant him peace—said: “If they drink wine, flog them; then if they drink again, flog them; then if they drink again, kill them.” This hadith appears in Sunan Abī Dāwūd, 4/228, Book of Prescribed Punishments, chapter “When a Person Repeatedly Drinks Wine.” The same chapter, 4/229–230, also contains hadiths with the same meaning from Ibn Umar, Abū Hurayra, and other Companions—may Allah be pleased with them.
Muāwiya’s hadith also appears in Sunan al-Tirmidhī, 2/449–450, Book of Prescribed Punishments, chapter “What Has Been Related: ‘Whoever Drinks, Flog Him; Then If He Returns to It a Fourth Time, Kill Him.’” Al-Tirmidhī followed it with a lengthy commentary naming the Companions who narrated the hadith. His commentary includes the following: “I heard Muhammad say: ‘The hadith of Abū Sālih, from Muāwiya, from the Prophet—may Allah bless him and grant him peace—on this matter is more authentic than the hadith of Abū Sālih, from Abū Hurayra, from the Prophet—may Allah bless him and grant him peace. This applied only at the beginning and was subsequently abrogated,’” etc.
See also Sunan Ibn Mājah, 2/859, Book of Prescribed Punishments, chapter “One Who Drinks Wine Repeatedly”; Sunan al-Dārimī, 2/175–176, Book of Prescribed Punishments, chapter “The Wine Drinker Who Is Brought in on the Fourth Occasion”; Sunan al-Nasāī, 8/281, Book of Drinks, chapter “The Stringent Reports Concerning Drinking Wine”; and al-Musnad, al-Maārif edition, nos. 6553 and 7003, both of which have sound chains of transmission. See also the lengthy commentary by Shaykh Ahmad Shākir—may Allah have mercy on him—9/49–91, including his discussion of the authentic hadiths reported on this subject.
بِالْجَرِيدِ وَالنِّعَالِ، وَأَطْرَافِ الثِّيَابِ
(١)
وَعُثْكُولِ النَّخْلِ
(٢)
. وَالضَّرْبُ فِي حَدِّ الْقَذْفِ وَالزِّنَا إِنَّمَا يَكُونُ بِالسَّوْطِ، وَأَمَّا الْعَدَدُ فِي الْخَمْرِ
(٣)
فَقَدْ ضَرَبَ الصَّحَابَةُ أَرْبَعِينَ، وَضَرَبُوا ثَمَانِينَ، وَقَدْ ثَبَتَ فِي الصَّحِيحِ عَنْ عَلِيٍّ - رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُ -
أَنَّهُ قَالَ:
" وَكُلٌّ سُنَّةٌ "
(٤)
. وَالْفُقَهَاءُ لَهُمْ فِي ذَلِكَ قَوْلَانِ،
قِيلَ:
الزِّيَادَةُ عَلَى أَرْبَعِينَ حَدٌّ وَاجِبٌ، كَقَوْلِ أَبِي حَنِيفَةَ وَمَالِكٍ وَأَحْمَدَ فِي إِحْدَى الرِّوَايَتَيْنِ
[عَنْهُ]
(٥)
.
وَقِيلَ:
هُوَ تَعْزِيرٌ، لِلْإِمَامِ أَنْ يَفْعَلَهُ وَأَنْ يَتْرُكَهُ بِحَسَبِ الْمَصْلَحَةِ، وَهَذَا قَوْلُ الشَّافِعِيِّ وَأَحْمَدَ فِي الرِّوَايَةِ الْأُخْرَى، وَهُوَ أَظْهَرُ، وَكَانَ عُمَرُ - رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُ - يَحْلِقُ فِي شُرْبِ الْخَمْرِ وَيَنْفِي أَيْضًا، وَكَانَ هَذَا مِنْ جِنْسِ التَّعْزِيرِ الْعَارِضِ فِيهَا.
وَقَدْ
«رُوِيَ عَنِ النَّبِيِّ - صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ - أَنَّهُ أَمَرَ بِقَتْلِ الشَّارِبِ فِي
[الثَّالِثَةِ أَوْ]
الرَّابِعَةِ»
(٦)
. رَوَاهُ الْإِمَامُ أَحْمَدُ وَالتِّرْمِذِيُّ وَغَيْرُهُمَا
(٧)
.
(١) ن: النَّبَاتُ.
(٢) فِي اللِّسَانِ: الْعِثْكَالُ وَالْعُثْكُولُ وَالْعُثْكُولَةُ الْعِذْقُ، وَالْعُثْكُولُ وَالْعِثْكَالُ الشِّمْرَاخُ، وَهُوَ مَا عَلَيْهِ الْبُسْرُ مِنْ عِيدَانِ الْكِبَاسَةِ، وَهُوَ فِي النَّخْلِ بِمَنْزِلَةِ الْعُنْقُودِ مِنَ الْكَرْمِ.
(٣) ر، ي: فِي حَدِّ الْخَمْرِ.
(٤) فِي مُسْلِمٍ ٣/١٣٣١ - ١٣٣٢ كِتَابِ الْحُدُودِ بَابِ حَدِّ الْخَمْرِ، أَثَرٌ جَاءَ فِيهِ أَنَّ عَلِيَّ بْنَ أَبِي طَالِبٍ رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُ قَالَ: جَلَدَ النَّبِيُّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ أَرْبَعِينَ، وَجَلَدَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ أَرْبَعِينَ، وَعُمَرُ ثَمَانِينَ، وَكُلٌّ سُنَّةٌ، وَهَذَا أَحَبُّ إِلَيَّ، وَجَاءَ هَذَا الْأَثَرُ بِمَعْنَاهُ فِي: سُنَنِ أَبِي دَاوُدَ ٤/٢٢٨ كِتَابِ الْحُدُودِ بَابِ الْحَدِّ فِي الْخَمْرِ، سُنَنِ ابْنِ مَاجَهْ ٢/٨٥٨ كِتَابِ الْحُدُودِ بَابِ حَدِّ السَّكْرَانِ.
(٥) عَنْهُ: زِيَادَةٌ فِي (ح) ، (ب) .
(٦) ن، م: فِي الرَّابِعَةِ.
(٧) جَاءَتْ عِدَّةُ أَحَادِيثَ عَنْ عَدَدٍ مِنَ الصَّحَابَةِ فِيهَا النَّصُّ عَلَى قَتْلِ شَارِبِ الْخَمْرِ الَّذِي يَتَكَرَّرُ شُرْبُهُ عِدَّةَ مَرَّاتٍ، مِنْهَا حَدِيثٌ عَنْ مُعَاوِيَةَ بْنِ أَبِي سُفْيَانَ رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُ قَالَ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: (إِذَا شَرِبُوا الْخَمْرَ فَاجْلِدُوهُمْ، ثُمَّ إِنْ شَرِبُوا فَاجْلِدُوهُمْ، ثُمَّ إِنْ شَرِبُوا فَاقْتُلُوهُمْ) وَهَذَا الْحَدِيثُ فِي سُنَنِ أَبِي دَاوُدَ ٤/٢٢٨ كِتَابِ الْحُدُودِ بَابِ إِذَا تَتَابَعَ فِي شُرْبِ الْخَمْرِ، وَفِي نَفْسِ الْبَابِ ٤/٢٢٩ - ٢٣٠ أَحَادِيثُ بِنَفْسِ الْمَعْنَى عَنِ ابْنِ عُمَرَ وَأَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ وَغَيْرِهِمْ مِنَ الصَّحَابَةِ رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُمْ، وَجَاءَ حَدِيثُ مُعَاوِيَةَ فِي سُنَنِ التِّرْمِذِيِّ ٢/٤٤٩ - ٤٥٠ كِتَابِ الْحُدُودِ بَابِ مَا جَاءَ: مَنْ شَرِبَ فَاجْلِدُوهُ فَإِنْ عَادَ فِي الرَّابِعَةِ فَاقْتُلُوهُ، وَعَلَّقَ التِّرْمِذِيُّ عَلَى ذَلِكَ تَعْلِيقًا طَوِيلًا ذَكَرَ فِيهِ أَسْمَاءَ الصَّحَابَةِ الَّذِينَ رَوَوُا الْحَدِيثَ وَجَاءَ فِي تَعْلِيقِهِ مَا يَلِي: سَمِعْتُ مُحَمَّدًا يَقُولُ: حَدِيثُ أَبِي صَالِحٍ عَنْ مُعَاوِيَةَ عَنِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فِي هَذَا أَصَحُّ مِنْ حَدِيثِ أَبِي صَالِحٍ عَنْ أَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ عَنِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ وَإِنَّمَا كَانَ هَذَا فِي أَوَّلِ الْأَمْرِ ثُمَّ نُسِخَ بَعْدُ، إِلَخْ، وَانْظُرْ أَيْضًا: سُنَنَ ابْنِ مَاجَهْ ٢/٨٥٩ كِتَابَ الْحُدُودِ بَابَ مَنْ شَرِبَ الْخَمْرَ مِرَارًا، سُنَنَ الدَّارِمِيِّ ٢/١٧٥ - ١٧٦ كِتَابَ الْحُدُودِ بَابَ فِي شَارِبِ الْخَمْرِ إِذَا أُتِيَ بِهِ الرَّابِعَةَ، سُنَنَ النَّسَائِيِّ ٨/٢٨١ كِتَابَ الْأَشْرِبَةِ بَابَ الرِّوَايَاتِ الْمُغَلَّظَةِ فِي شُرْبِ الْخَمْرِ، الْمُسْنَدَ ط. الْمَعَارِفِ، الْأَرْقَامَ ٦٥٥٣، ٧٠٠٣ إِسْنَادُهُمَا صَحِيحٌ وَانْظُرِ التَّعْلِيقَ الطَّوِيلَ الَّذِي كَتَبَهُ الشَّيْخُ أَحْمَدُ شَاكِرٍ رَحِمَهُ لِلَّهِ ٩/٤٩ - ٩١ وَكَلَامُهُ عَنْ وُرُودِ الْأَحَادِيثِ الصَّحِيحَةِ فِي الْبَابِ.