Minhaj as-SunnahIbn Taimiya

It is authentically reported from him in the two Sahih collections that he said:

“A people who entrust authority over their affairs to a woman will never(1) prosper.”(2)

How, then, could it be permissible for the Muslim community to turn away from what it knows of the Sunnah of the Messenger of Allah—may Allah bless him and grant him peace—on account of what is related about Fāṭima: that she sought the inheritance, believing that she was entitled to inherit?(3)

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As for calling him the Successor to the Messenger of Allah, it was the Muslims who gave him that title. If a successor is one who has been appointed to succeed another, as this man claims, then the Messenger of Allah—may Allah bless him and grant him peace—did appoint him as his successor, as those among Ahl al-Sunnah who hold this view maintain. If, however,

(1) H and B read: *mā* (“did not”). (2) This is part of a hadith narrated by Abū Bakra—may Allah be pleased with him. Its full wording appears in *Sahīh al-Bukhārī*, vol. 6, p. 8 (*Kitāb al-Bukhārī*, chapter “The Prophet’s Letter to Chosroes and Caesar”). Abū Bakra said: “Allah benefited me, during the Battle of the Camel, through a statement I had heard from the Messenger of Allah—may Allah bless him and grant him peace—after I had nearly joined the people of the Camel and fought alongside them. When the Messenger of Allah—may Allah bless him and grant him peace—learned that the Persians had appointed the daughter of Chosroes to rule over them, he said: ‘A people who entrust their affairs to a woman will never prosper.’” An abbreviated version appears in *Sahīh al-Bukhārī*, vol. 9, p. 55 (Book of Tribulations, chapter “Uthmān ibn al-Haytham narrated to us…”). The hadith also appears in *Sunan al-Tirmidhī*, vol. 3, p. 360 (Book of Tribulations, chapter 60, “Mūsā ibn Abd al-Rahmān al-Kindī narrated to us…”), and *Sunan al-Nasā’ī*, vol. 8, p. 200 (Book of Judicial Conduct, chapter “The Prohibition on Appointing Women”). It also appears in *al-Musnad* (al-Halabī ed.), with such variations in wording as *tamlikuhum imra’a* (“a woman rules them”) and *asnadū…* (“they entrusted…”). See vol. 5, pp. 38, 43, 47, 50, and 51. (3) In his book *al-Shīa wa-Ahl al-Bayt* (*The Shia and the Prophet’s Household*), Ihsān Ilāhī Zahīr mentions that some Shia maintain that Fātima—may Allah be pleased with her—accepted what Abū Bakr al-Siddīq—may Allah be pleased with him—had done. He writes (pp. 84–85, Pakistan ed., 1403/1983): “Indeed, some Shii reports even state that she accepted this. Ibn Maytham relates in his *Sharh Nahj al-Balāgha* (*Commentary on Nahj al-Balāgha*): ‘Abū Bakr said to her: You are entitled to what your father was entitled to. The Messenger of Allah—may Allah bless him and his family and grant them peace—used to take your maintenance from Fadak, distribute the remainder, and use part of it in Allah’s cause. I am bound before Allah to administer it as he did. She accepted this and obtained his pledge to that effect.’” (*Sharh Nahj al-Balāgha* by Ibn Maytham al-Bahrānī, vol. [0–9], p. 107, Tehran ed.). Al-Dunbulī likewise mentions this in his commentary *al-Durra al-Najafiyya* (*The Najaf Pearl*), pp. 331–332 (Iran ed.). See also *al-Shīa wa-Ahl al-Bayt*, pp. 84–92.
وَقَدْ ثَبَتَ عَنْهُ فِي الصَّحِيحَيْنِ أَنَّهُ قَالَ: " «لَا (١) أَفْلَحَ قَوْمٌ وَلَّوْا أَمْرَهُمُ امْرَأَةً» " (٢) ، فَكَيْفَ يَسُوغُ لِلْأُمَّةِ أَنْ تَعْدِلَ عَمَّا عَلِمَتْهُ مِنْ سُنَّةِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ - صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ - لِمَا يُحْكَى عَنْ فَاطِمَةَ فِي كَوْنِهَا طَلَبَتِ الْمِيرَاثَ، تَظُنُّ أَنَّهَا تَرِثُ (٣) . (فَصْلٌ) وَأَمَّا تَسْمِيَتُهُ بِخَلِيفَةِ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ ; فَإِنَّ الْمُسْلِمِينَ سَمَّوْهُ بِذَلِكَ، فَإِنْ كَانَ الْخَلِيفَةُ هُوَ الْمُسْتَخْلَفُ، كَمَا ادَّعَاهُ هَذَا، كَانَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ - صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ - قَدِ اسْتَخْلَفَهُ، كَمَا يَقُولُ ذَلِكَ مَنْ يَقُولُ مِنْ أَهْلِ السُّنَّةِ، وَإِنْ كَانَ
(١) ح، ب: مَا. (٢) هَذَا جُزْءٌ مِنْ حَدِيثٍ عَنْ أَبِي بَكْرَةَ رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُ وَنَصُّهُ فِي: الْبُخَارِيِّ ٦/٨ (كِتَابُ الْبُخَارِيِّ بَابُ كِتَابِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ إِلَى كِسْرَى وَقَيْصَرَ) ، عَنْ أَبِي بَكْرَةَ قَالَ: لَقَدْ نَفَعَنِي اللَّهُ بِكَلِمَةٍ سَمِعْتُهَا مِنْ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ أَيَّامَ الْجَمَلِ بَعْدَ مَا كِدْتُ أَلْحَقُ بِأَصْحَابِ الْجَمَلِ فَأُقَاتِلَ مَعَهُمْ، قَالَ: لَمَّا بَلَغَ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ أَنَّ أَهْلَ فَارِسَ قَدْ مَلَّكُوا عَلَيْهِمْ بِنْتَ كِسْرَى قَالَ: " لَنْ يُفْلِحَ قَوْمٌ وَلَّوْا أَمْرَهُمُ امْرَأَةً "، وَجَاءَ الْحَدِيثُ مُخْتَصَرًا فِي الْبُخَارِيِّ ٩/٥٥ (كِتَابُ الْفِتَنِ، بَابُ حَدَّثَنَا عُثْمَانُ بْنُ الْهَيْثَمِ. .) ، وَالْحَدِيثُ أَيْضًا فِي سُنَنِ التِّرْمِذِيِّ ٣/٣٦٠ (كِتَابُ الْفِتَنِ، بَابُ ٦٠ حَدَّثَنَا مُوسَى بْنُ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ الْكَنَدِيُّ) سُنَنِ النَّسَائِيِّ ٨/٢٠٠ (كِتَابُ آدَابِ الْقُضَاةِ، بَابُ النَّهْيِ عَنِ اسْتِعْمَالِ النِّسَاءِ) ، وَالْحَدِيثُ فِي الْمُسْنَدِ (ط. الْحَلَبِيِّ) ، مَعَ اخْتِلَافٍ فِي اللَّفْظِ (تَمْلِكُهُمُ امْرَأَةٌ، أَسْنَدُوا. .) . انْظُرْ ٥/٣٨، ٤٣، ٤٧، ٥٠، ٥١ (٣) ذَكَرَ الْأُسْتَاذُ إِحْسَان إِلَهِي ظَهيِر فِي كِتَابِهِ " الشِّيعَةُ وَأَهْلُ الْبَيْتِ "، أَنَّ مِنَ الشِّيعَةِ مَنْ قَالَ بِمُوَافَقَةِ فَاطِمَةَ رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهَا عَلَى مَا فَعَلَهُ أَبُو بَكْرٍ الصِّدِّيقُ رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُ. يَقُولُ الْأُسْتَاذُ إِحْسَانُ (ص ٨٤ - ٨٥ ط. بَاكِسْتَانُ ١٤٠٣ ١٩٨٣) بَلْ وَفِي بَعْضِ الرِّوَايَاتِ الشِّيعِيَّةِ أَنَّهَا رَضِيَتْ عَلَى ذَلِكَ كَمَا يَرْوِيهِ ابْنُ الْمِيثَمِ فِي شَرْحِ نَهْجِ الْبَلَاغَةِ: " إِنَّ أَبَا بَكْرٍ قَالَ لَهَا: إِنَّ لَكِ مَا لِأَبِيكِ، كَانَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ وَآلِهِ يَأْخُذُ مِنْ فَدَكٍ قُوتَكُمْ، وَيَقْسِمُ الْبَاقِيَ وَيَحْمِلُ مِنْهُ فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ، وَذَلِكَ عَلَى اللَّهِ أَنْ أَصْنَعَ بِهَا كَمَا كَانَ يَصْنَعُ، فَرَضِيَتْ بِذَلِكَ وَأَخَذَتِ الْعَهْدَ عَلَيْهِ بِهِ " (شَرْحِ نَهْجِ الْبَلَاغَةِ لِابْنِ مَيْثَمٍ الْبَحْرَانِيِّ ج [٠ - ٩] ص ١٠٧ ط. طَهْرَانَ) ، وَمِثْلُ ذَلِكَ ذَكَرَ الدُّنْبُلِيُّ فِي شَرْحِهِ " الدُّرَّةَ النَّجَفِيَّةَ " ص ٣٣١، ٣٣٢ (ط. إِيرَانَ) ، وَانْظُرِ " الشِّيعَةُ وَأَهْلُ الْبَيْتِ " ص ٨٤ - ٩٢

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