16
and that of others. Alī never received an appointment without someone else receiving a comparable one, unlike Abū Bakr’s appointment, which was unique to him. The Prophet—may Allah bless him and grant him peace—never placed either Usāma ibn Zayd or Amr ibn al-Ās in command over Abū Bakr.
As for Usāma’s having been placed in command over him, it is among (1) the lies universally acknowledged to be false.
As for the account of Amr ibn al-Ās, the Prophet—may Allah bless him and grant him peace—had dispatched Amr on a military expedition, namely the campaign of Dhāt al-Salāsil (2), against Banū Udhra, who were Amr’s maternal relatives. He appointed Amr as commander so that his kinship with them might help bring about their acceptance of Islam. He then sent Abū Ubayda after him, accompanied by Abū Bakr, Umar, and other Emigrants.
He said:
“Cooperate with one another and do not disagree.”
When Abū Ubayda caught up with Amr, he said:
“I shall lead my companions in prayer, and you shall lead yours.”
Amr replied:
“No, I shall lead you all in prayer, for you are merely reinforcements sent to me.”
Abū Ubayda said to him:
“The Messenger of Allah—may Allah bless him and grant him peace—instructed me to comply with you. If you refuse to comply with me, I shall comply with you.”
Amr replied:
“Then I refuse to comply with you.”
Amr then sought to contest the matter with him, but Abū Bakr advised him not to do so (3). Abū Bakr considered that course better for the mission. Thus, they prayed behind Amr, even though everyone (4) knew that Abū Bakr, Umar, and Abū Ubayda were superior to Amr (5).
(1) (H) and (B) read *fa-huwa mina* (“so it is among”).
(2) Ibn al-Qayyim states in *Zād al-Maād*, 3/386: “It lies beyond Wādī al-Qurā. The first *s* may be vocalized with either *u* or *a*—*al-Sulāsil* and *al-Salāsil* are both valid forms. It is a ten-day journey from Medina. The campaign took place in Jumādā al-Ākhira in the eighth year.” He then states at 3/387: “Ibn Ishāq reports that they encamped at a watering place belonging to Judhām called al-Salsal, and he says that this is why it was named Dhāt al-Salāsil.”
(3) (H) and (B) read: “Abū Bakr [advised him], ‘Do not do it’”; (R) and (Y) read: “Abū Bakr [advised him] that he should not do it.”
(4) (H) and (B) read “every individual.”
(5) The phrase “Cooperate with one another and do not disagree,” spoken by the Prophet—may Allah bless him and grant him peace—does not occur in this hadith. It appears instead in another hadith, narrated by Said ibn Abī Burda from his father, from his grandfather: the Prophet—may Allah bless him and grant him peace—sent Muādh and Abū Mūsā al-Asharī to Yemen and instructed them: “Make matters easy and not difficult; give glad tidings and do not drive people away; cooperate with one another and do not disagree.” This hadith appears in al-Bukhārī in the Books of Legal Judgments, Jihad, Manners, and Military Expeditions (Dr. al-Bughā’s edition, nos. 2873, 4086–4088, 5773, and 6751); in Muslim, 3/1358–59 (Book of Jihad and Military Expeditions, chapter “The Command to Facilitate Matters and Avoid Driving People Away”); and in the *Musnad* (al-Halabī edition), 4/412, 417.
The hadith concerning the Dhāt al-Salāsil campaign is narrated from Āmir al-Shabī in the *Musnad* (al-Maārif edition), 3/151. Its text reads: “The Messenger of Allah—may Allah bless him and grant him peace—dispatched an army on the Dhāt al-Salāsil campaign. He appointed Abū Ubayda over the Emigrants and Amr ibn al-Ās over the Bedouins, and told them, ‘Cooperate with one another.’ They had been ordered to raid Bakr. Amr set out and raided Qudāa, because Bakr were his maternal relatives. Al-Mughīra ibn Shuba then went to Abū Ubayda and said, ‘The Messenger of Allah—may Allah bless him and grant him peace—appointed you over us, but the son of so-and-so is waiting to be appointed commander over the men, and you have no authority alongside him.’ Abū Ubayda replied, ‘The Messenger of Allah—may Allah bless him and grant him peace—commanded us to cooperate. I shall therefore obey the Messenger of Allah even if Amr disobeys him.’”
Shaykh Ahmad Shākir—may Allah have mercy on him—said: “Its chain of transmission is weak because it is *mursal* (disconnected). Āmir is Ibn Sharāhīl al-Shabī, a leading imam and a trustworthy Successor whose reports are authoritative. However, he did not meet Amr, and therefore, still more certainly, did not meet Abū Ubayda. … The expression ‘he is waiting to be appointed commander over the men’ means that he expected to be placed in command of them.” See the account of the campaign in *Zād al-Maād*, 3/386–87; *Sīrat Ibn Hishām*, 4/272–74; and *Imtā al-Asmā*, pp. 352–54.
وَغَيْرِهِ، فَلَمْ يَكُنْ لِعَلِيٍّ وَلَايَةٌ إِلَّا وَلِغَيْرِهِ مِثْلُهَا، بِخِلَافِ وَلَايَةِ أَبِي بَكْرٍ فَإِنَّهَا مِنْ خَصَائِصِهِ، وَلَمْ يُوَلِّ النَّبِيُّ - صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ - عَلَى أَبِي بَكْرٍ لَا أُسَامَةَ بْنَ زَيْدٍ، وَلَا عَمْرَو بْنَ الْعَاصِ.
فَأَمَّا تَأْمِيرُ أُسَامَةَ عَلَيْهِ فَمِنَ
(١)
الْكَذِبِ الْمُتَّفَقِ عَلَى كَذِبِهِ.
وَأَمَّا قِصَّةُ عَمْرِو بْنِ الْعَاصِ، فَإِنَّ النَّبِيَّ - صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ - كَانَ أَرْسَلَ عَمْرًا فِي سَرِيَّةٍ، وَهِيَ غَزْوَةُ ذَاتِ السَّلَاسِلِ
(٢)
، وَكَانَتْ إِلَى بَنِي عُذْرَةَ، وَهُمْ أَخْوَالُ عَمْرٍو، فَأَمَّرَ عَمْرًا لِيَكُونَ ذَلِكَ سَبَبًا لِإِسْلَامِهِمْ، لِلْقَرَابَةِ الَّتِي لَهُ مِنْهُمْ، ثُمَّ أَرْدَفَهُ بِأَبِي عُبَيْدَةَ، وَمَعَهُ أَبُو بَكْرٍ وَعُمَرَ وَغَيْرُهُمَا مِنَ الْمُهَاجِرِينَ.
وَقَالَ:
"
«تَطَاوَعَا وَلَا تَخْتَلِفَا»
"
فَلَمَّا لَحِقَ عَمْرًا قَالَ: أُصَلِّي بِأَصْحَابِي وَتُصِلِّي بِأَصْحَابِكَ،
قَالَ:
بَلْ أَنَا أُصَلِّي بِكُمْ، فَإِنَّمَا أَنْتَ مَدَدٌ لِي.
فَقَالَ لَهُ أَبُو عُبَيْدَةَ:
إِنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ - صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ - أَمَرَنِي أَنْ أُطَاوِعَكَ، فَإِنْ عَصَيْتَنِي أَطَعْتُكَ.
قَالَ:
فَإِنَّى أَعْصِيكَ، فَأَرَادَ عَمْرُو أَنْ يُنَازِعَهُ فِي ذَلِكَ، فَأَشَارَ عَلَيْهِ أَبُو بَكْرٍ أَنْ لَا يَفْعَلَ
(٣)
، وَرَأَى أَبُو بَكْرٍ أَنَّ ذَلِكَ أَصْلَحُ لِلْأَمْرِ، فَكَانُوا يُصَلُّونَ خَلْفَ عَمْرٍو، مَعَ عِلْمِ كُلِّ أَحَدٍ
(٤)
أَنَّ أَبَا بَكْرٍ وَعُمَرَ وَأَبَا عُبَيْدَةَ أَفْضَلُ مِنْ عَمْرٍو
(٥)
.
(١) ح، ب: فَهُوَ مِنَ.
(٢) قَالَ ابْنُ الْقَيِّمِ فِي (زَادِ الْمَعَادِ) ٣/٣٨٦ " وَهِيَ وَرَاءَ وَادِي الْقُرَى بِضَمِّ السِّينِ الْأُولَى وَفَتْحِهَا لُغَتَانِ، وَبَيْنَهَا وَبَيْنَ الْمَدِينَةِ عَشْرَةُ أَيَّامٍ، وَكَانَتْ فِي جُمَادَى الْآخِرَةِ سَنَةَ ثَمَانٍ ثُمَّ قَالَ ٣/٣٨٧ وَذَكَرَ ابْنُ إِسْحَاقَ نُزُولَهُمْ عَلَى مَاءٍ لِجُذَامٍ يُقَالُ لَهُ: السَّلْسَلُ. وَقَالَ: وَبِذَلِكَ سُمِّيَتْ ذَاتُ السَّلَاسِلِ.
(٣) ح، ب: أَبُو بَكْرٍ لَا تَفْعَلْ، ر، ي: أَبُو بَكْرٍ أَنْ لَا تَفْعَلَ.
(٤) ح، ب: كُلِّ وَاحِدٍ.
(٥) عِبَارَةُ " تَطَاوَعَا وَلَا تَخْتَلِفَا " مِنْ كَلَامِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ لَمْ تَرِدْ فِي هَذَا الْحَدِيثِ وَإِنَّمَا جَاءَتْ فِي حَدِيثٍ آخَرَ عَنْ سَعِيدِ بْنِ أَبِي بُرْدَةَ عَنْ أَبِيهِ عَنْ جَدِّهِ أَنَّ النَّبِيَّ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ بَعَثَ مُعَاذًا وَأَبَا مُوسَى الْأَشْعَرِيَّ إِلَى الْيَمَنِ وَقَالَ لَهُمَا: " يَسِّرَا وَلَا تُعَسِّرَا، وَبَشِّرَا وَلَا تُنَفِّرَا، وَتَطَاوَعَا وَلَا تَخْتَلِفَا ". وَهَذَا الْحَدِيثُ فِي الْبُخَارِيِّ فِي كِتَابِ الْأَحْكَامِ وَالْجِهَادِ وَالْأَدَبِ وَالْمَغَازِي (فِي طَبْعَةِ د. الْبُغَا فِي الْأَرْقَامِ: ٢٨٧٣، ٤٠٨٦ - ٤٠٨٨، ٥٧٧٣، ٦٧٥١) وَهُوَ فِي مُسْلِمٍ ٣/١٣٥٨، ١٣٥٩ (كِتَابُ الْجِهَادِ وَالسِّيَرِ بَابٌ فِي الْأَمْرِ بِالتَّيْسِيرِ وَتَرْكِ التَّنْفِيرِ) وَهُوَ فِي الْمُسْنَدِ (ط. الْحَلَبِيِّ) ٤/٤١٢، ٤١٧ وَأَمَّا حَدِيثُ غَزْوَةِ السَّلَاسِلِ فَهُوَعَنْ عَامِرٍ الشَّعْبِيِّ فِي الْمُسْنَدِ (ط. الْمَعَارِفِ) ٣/١٥١ وَنَصُّهُ: قَالَ: بَعَثَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ جَيْشَ ذَاتِ السَّلَاسِلِ، فَاسْتَعْمَلَ أَبَا عُبَيْدَةَ عَلَى الْمُهَاجِرِينَ، وَاسْتَعْمَلَ عَمْرَو بْنَ الْعَاصِ عَلَى الْأَعْرَابِ، فَقَالَ لَهُمَا: تَطَاوَعَا. قَالَ: وَكَانُوا يُؤْمَرُونَ أَنْ يُغِيرُوا عَلَى بَكْرٍ، فَانْطَلَقَ عَمْرٌو فَأَغَارَ عَلَى قُضَاعَةَ، لِأَنَّ بَكْرًا أَخْوَالُهُ، فَانْطَلَقَ الْمُغِيرَةُ بْنُ شُعْبَةَ إِلَى أَبِي عُبَيْدَةَ، فَقَالَ: إِنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ اسْتَعْمَلَكَ عَلَيْنَا، وَإِنَّ ابْنَ فُلَانٍ قَدِ ارْتَبَعَ أَمْرَ الْقَوْمِ، وَلَيْسَ لَكَ مَعَهُ أَمْرٌ، فَقَالَ أَبُو عُبَيْدَةَ: إِنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ أَمَرَنَا أَنْ نَتَطَاوَعَ، فَأَنَا أُطِيعُ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ وَإِنْ عَصَاهُ عَمْرٌو ". قَالَ الشَّيْخُ أَحْمَدُ شاكر رَحِمَهُ اللَّهُ: " إِسْنَادُهُ ضَعِيفٌ لِإِرْسَالِهِ، عَامِرٌ هُوَ ابْنُ شَرَاحِيلَ الشَّعْبِيُّ، وَهُوَ إِمَامٌ كَبِيرٌ تَابِعِيٌّ ثِقَةٌ حُجَّةٌ: وَلَكِنَّهُ لَمْ يُدْرِكْ عَمْرًا فَأَوْلَى أَنْ لَمْ يُدْرِكْ أَبَا عُبَيْدَةَ. . . ارْتَبَعَ أَمْرَ الْقَوْمِ: أَيِ: انْتَظَرَ أَنْ يُؤَمَّرَ عَلَيْهِمْ "، وَانْظُرْ خَبَرَ الْغَزْوَةِ فِي (زَادِ الْمَعَادِ) ٣/٣٨٦ - ٣٨٧، سِيرَةِ ابْنِ هِشَامٍ ٤/٢٧٢ - ٢٧٤، إِمْتَاعَ الْأَسْمَاعِ ص ٣٥٢ - ٣٥٤.