a meaning, that meaning is precisely what he means by the expression. It is called a “meaning” (1) because it is meant thereby (2)—that is, it is intended and willed thereby. Thus, it is what the speaker means and intends by his expression.

An expression may be used [for that for which it was instituted, which is literal usage, and it may be used] (3) for something other than that for which it was instituted, which is figurative usage. Figurative usage may consist in using an expression denoting the whole to refer to a part, or in using the expression for that which entails something to refer to its necessary concomitant; it may also take other forms.

All of this constitutes the expression’s signification of the entire meaning, namely signification by correspondence, whether that signification is literal or figurative (4), or otherwise.

Then, if the meaning signified by the expression has a part, the expression’s signification of that part is by inclusion, because the expression contains (5) that part. Its signification of a necessary concomitant of that meaning is through the meaning that entails it. Every expression used with a meaning signifies it by correspondence, because the expression corresponds to the meaning, regardless of the language, whether this is called literal or figurative usage.

Accordingly, the expression’s signification of the essence that the speaker intends by it is [signification] (6) by correspondence; its signification of what is included within that essence is signification by inclusion; and its signification of what necessarily follows from the essence while remaining external to it is signification by implication.