Minhaj as-SunnahIbn Taimiya

that whoever produces a thing also produces its inseparable attributes, since it is impossible to produce the thing without its attributes (1) that are inseparable from it.

Moreover, an essence stripped of attributes cannot possibly exercise any causal influence upon anything, still less upon its own attributes. For it can exercise causal influence only if it is living, knowing, and powerful (2). If it itself caused itself to be living, knowing, and powerful, it would be exercising causal influence without being characterized by those attributes. The plain dictates of reason establish that this is impossible. Indeed, its inseparable attributes are more perfect than anything else that exists. If an essence stripped of those attributes cannot exercise any causal influence upon any existent thing, how could it produce those attributes through that bare essence alone (3)?

Thus, it is evident that there is no causation here in any respect with regard to its attributes—unless someone merely chooses to call necessary entailment “causation,” as stated above.

At that point, he is told:

In matters of such magnitude, one cannot rely on mere words. Your calling the fact that an essence characterized by its inseparable attributes necessarily entails (4) them “causation” does not justify treating this as comparable to its bringing its creatures into being. Grant that you call every necessary entailment “causation.” Even so, your subsequent claim that the created effect is inseparable from its creator and producer is known by self-evident reason to be false, as the overwhelming majority of rational thinkers, ancient and later, have agreed. Nor can you identify any instance of this among existent things. Never has anything been known to originate another thing while being concurrent with it, such that the two are simultaneous in time,

(1) N and M read: *sifātihā* (“its attributes,” with a feminine referent), which is a corruption. (2) “Powerful” is omitted in A and B. (3) N and M read: “How, then, does the bare state of this essence exercise causal influence upon these attributes?” (M uses the masculine form of the verb “exercise causal influence.”) (4) N and M read: “does not entail,” which is a corruption.
أَنَّ فَاعِلَ الشَّيْءِ هُوَ فَاعِلُ صِفَاتِهِ اللَّازِمَةِ لِامْتِنَاعِ فِعْلِ الشَّيْءِ بِدُونِ صِفَاتِهِ (١) اللَّازِمَةِ. وَأَيْضًا، فَالذَّاتُ مَعَ تَجَرُّدِهَا عَنِ الصِّفَاتِ يَمْتَنِعُ أَنْ تَكُونَ مُؤَثِّرَةً فِي شَيْءٍ، فَضْلًا عَنْ أَنْ تَكُونَ مُؤَثِّرَةً فِي صِفَاتِ نَفْسِهَا، فَإِنَّ شَرْطَ كَوْنِهَا مُؤَثِّرَةً أَنْ تَكُونَ حَيَّةً عَالِمَةً قَادِرَةً (٢) ، فَلَوْ كَانَتْ هِيَ الْمُؤَثِّرَةَ فِي كَوْنِهَا حَيَّةً عَالِمَةً قَادِرَةً لَكَانَتْ مُؤَثِّرَةً بِدُونِ اتِّصَافِهَا بِهَذِهِ الصِّفَاتِ، وَهَذَا مِمَّا يُعْلَمُ امْتِنَاعُهُ بِصَرِيحِ الْعَقْلِ، بَلْ صِفَاتُهَا اللَّازِمَةُ لَهَا أَكْمَلُ مِنْ كُلِّ مَوْجُودٍ، فَإِذَا امْتَنَعَ أَنْ يُؤَثِّرَ فِي شَيْءٍ مِنَ الْمَوْجُودَاتِ بِذَاتٍ مُجَرَّدَةٍ عَنْ هَذِهِ الصِّفَاتِ، فَكَيْفَ يُؤَثِّرُ فِي هَذِهِ الصِّفَاتِ بِمُجَرَّدِ هَذِهِ الذَّاتِ (٣) . فَتَبَيَّنَ أَنَّهُ لَيْسَ هَاهُنَا تَأْثِيرٌ بِوَجْهٍ مِنَ الْوُجُوهِ فِي صِفَاتِهَا إِلَّا أَنْ يُسَمِّيَ الْمُسَمَّى الِاسْتِلْزَامَ تَأْثِيرًا، كَمَا تَقَدَّمَ، وَحِينَئِذٍ فَيُقَالُ لَهُ: مِثْلُ هَذِهِ الْمَسَائِلِ الْعَظِيمَةِ لَا يُمْكِنُ التَّعْوِيلُ فِيهَا عَلَى مُجَرَّدِ الْأَلْفَاظِ، فَإِنَّ تَسْمِيَتَكَ لِاسْتِلْزَامِ (٤) الذَّاتِ الْمُتَّصِفَةِ بِصِفَاتِهَا اللَّازِمَةِ لَهَا تَأْثِيرًا لَا يُوجِبُ أَنْ يُجْعَلَ هَذَا كَإِبْدَاعِهَا لِمَخْلُوقَاتِهَا، فَهَبْ أَنَّكَ سَمَّيْتَ كُلَّ اسْتِلْزَامٍ تَأْثِيرًا، لَكِنَّ دَعْوَاكَ بَعْدَ هَذَا أَنَّ الْمَخْلُوقَ الْمَفْعُولَ مَلَازِمٌ لِخَالِقِهِ وَفَاعِلِهِ، مِمَّا يُعْلَمُ فَسَادُهُ بِبَدِيهَةِ الْعَقْلِ، كَمَا اتَّفَقَ عَلَى ذَلِكَ جَمَاهِيرُ الْعُقَلَاءِ مِنَ الْأَوَّلِينَ وَالْآخِرِينَ، وَأَنْتَ لَا تَعْرِفُ هَذَا فِي شَيْءٍ مِنَ الْمَوْجُودَاتِ، لَا يُعْرَفُ قَطُّ شَيْءٌ أَبْدَعَ شَيْئًا، وَهُوَ مُقَارِنٌ لَهُ بِحَيْثُ يَكُونَانِ مُتَقَارِنَيْنِ فِي الزَّمَانِ
(١) ن، م: صِفَاتِهَا، وَهُوَ تَحْرِيفٌ. (٢) قَادِرَةً: سَاقِطَةٌ مِنْ (أ) ، (ب) . (٣) ن، م: فَكَيْفَ تُؤَثِّرُ (م: يُؤَثِّرُ) فِي هَذِهِ الصِّفَاتِ مُجَرَّدَةُ هَذِهِ الذَّاتِ. (٤) ن، م: لَا تَسْتَلْزِمُ، وَهُوَ تَحْرِيفٌ.

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