Minhaj as-Sunnah - Ibn Taimiya - (5/228)

Minhaj as-SunnahIbn Taimiya

the Friday prayer or the noon prayer. If he can perform (1) the Friday prayer, it is obligatory for him; if he cannot, he performs the noon prayer. Once the Friday prayer has been missed, he can perform the noon prayer, and therefore he is obligated to perform it. For this reason, according to most scholars, the noon prayer may not be performed unless the Friday prayer has been missed.

As for the prescribed prayer, it can under no circumstances be performed by proxy. The same applies to fasting Ramadan if (2) he is capable of it. Otherwise, the duty to fast is waived for him, and according to most scholars, he must personally feed one needy person for each day; according to Mālik, nothing is required of him. As for the report in the Sunnah concerning a person fasting on behalf of his relative, it applies to vows, as the Companions who narrated it explained and as its wording indicates, for the Prophet said:

“Whoever dies owing a fast, his relative should fast on his behalf.” (3)

A vow remains his liability, and it (4) is incumbent upon him. By contrast, fasting Ramadan is neither an outstanding liability nor incumbent upon him; rather, it is waived for one who is incapable of it.

Since no one can ever perform the five prayers or fast Ramadan on behalf of another, there is no substitute for either, unlike Hajj and other acts. For this reason, the Lawgiver, by way of leniency and mercy, granted a person with an excuse latitude to make them up because he needs to do so. As for other acts, He granted no one latitude to make them up, because there is no need (5) to make them up in view of the substitute that has been prescribed,

(1) Manuscripts nūn and mīm read: “was possible for him”; manuscript hā reads: “became possible.” (2) Manuscripts hā and bā read: “when.” (3) The hadith narrated by Ā’isha, may Allah be pleased with her, is found in: al-Bukhārī, 3/35, Book of Fasting, chapter “Whoever Dies Owing a Fast”; Muslim, 2/803, Book of Fasting, chapter “Making Up Fasts on Behalf of the Deceased”; and Sunan Abī Dāwūd, 2/423–424, Book of Fasting, chapter “Concerning One Who Dies Owing a Fast.” Abū Dāwūd said: “This applies to vows, and it is the view of Ahmad ibn Hanbal.” (4) Manuscripts nūn, mīm, and wāw read: “so it is.” (5) The words “for it” are omitted from manuscripts nūn and mīm.

الْجُمُعَةُ وَإِمَّا الظُّهْرُ ; فَإِذَا أَمْكَنَهُ (١) الْجُمُعَةُ وَجَبَتْ عَلَيْهِ، وَإِنْ لَمْ يُمْكِنْ صَلَّى الظُّهْرَ، فَإِذَا فَاتَتِ الْجُمُعَةُ أَمْكَنَهُ أَنْ يُصَلِّيَ الظُّهْرَ، فَوَجَبَ عَلَيْهِ صَلَاةُ الظُّهْرِ. وَلِهَذَا لَا يَجُوزُ فِعْلُهَا عِنْدَ أَكْثَرِ الْعُلَمَاءِ إِلَّا إِذَا فَاتَتِ الْجُمُعَةُ. وَأَمَّا الصَّلَاةُ الْمَكْتُوبَةُ فَلَا تَدْخُلُهَا النِّيَابَةُ بِحَالٍ، وَكَذَلِكَ صَوْمُ رَمَضَانَ إِنْ (٢) كَانَ قَادِرًا عَلَيْهِ وَإِلَّا سَقَطَ عَنْهُ الصَّوْمُ، وَأَطْعَمَ هُوَ عَنْ كُلِّ يَوْمٍ مِسْكِينًا عِنْدَ الْأَكْثَرِينَ، وَعِنْدَ مَالِكٍ لَا شَيْءَ عَلَيْهِ. وَأَمَّا مَا وَرَدَتْ بِهِ السُّنَّةُ مِنْ صِيَامِ الْإِنْسَانِ عَنْ وَلِيِّهِ، فَذَاكَ فِي النُّذُرِ، كَمَا فَسَّرَتْهُ الصَّحَابَةُ الَّذِينَ رَوَوْهُ بِهَذَا، كَمَا يَدُلُّ عَلَيْهِ لَفْظُهُ ; فَإِنَّهُ قَالَ: " «مَنْ مَاتَ وَعَلَيْهِ صِيَامٌ صَامَ عَنْهُ وَلِيُّهُ» " (٣) وَالنَّذْرُ فِي ذِمَّتِهِ وَهُوَ (٤) عَلَيْهِ، وَأَمَّا صَوْمُ رَمَضَانَ فَلَيْسَ فِي ذِمَّتِهِ وَلَا هُوَ عَلَيْهِ، بَلْ هُوَ سَاقِطٌ عَنِ الْعَاجِزِ عَنْهُ. فَلَمَّا كَانَتِ الصَّلَوَاتُ الْخَمْسُ وَصِيَامُ رَمَضَانَ لَا يَفْعَلُهُ أَحَدٌ عَنْ أَحَدٍ أَصْلًا، لَمْ يَكُنْ لَهُمَا بَدَلٌ، بِخِلَافِ الْحَجِّ وَغَيْرِهِ، فَلِهَذَا وَسَّعَ الشَّارِعُ فِي قَضَائِهِمَا لِلْمَعْذُورِ لِحَاجَتِهِ بِهِ إِلَى ذَلِكَ تَوْسِعَةً مِنْهُ وَرَحْمَةً، وَغَيْرُهُمَا لَمْ يُوَسِّعْ فِي قَضَائِهِ لِأَحَدٍ، لِأَنَّهُ لَا حَاجَةَ بِهِ (٥) إِلَى قَضَائِهِ لِمَا شُرِعَ مِنَ الْبَدَلِ،

(١) ن، م: أَمْكَنَتْهُ، ح: أَمْكَنَتْ. (٢) ح، ب: إِذَا. (٣) الْحَدِيثُ عَنْ عَائِشَةَ رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهَا فِي: الْبُخَارِيِّ ٣/٣٥ كِتَابُ الصَّوْمِ، بَابُ مَنْ مَاتَ وَعَلَيْهِ صَوْمُ مُسْلِمٍ ٢/٨٠٣ كِتَابُ الصِّيَامِ، بَابُ قَضَاءِ الصِّيَامِ عَنِ الْمَيِّتِ، سُنَنَ أَبِي دَاوُدَ ٢/٤٢٣ - ٤٢٤ كِتَابُ الصَّوْمِ، بَابٌ فِيمَنْ مَاتَ وَعَلَيْهِ صِيَامٌ، وَقَالَ أَبُو دَاوُدَ: هَذَا فِي النُّذُرِ، وَهُوَ قَوْلُ أَحْمَدَ بْنِ حَنْبَلٍ. (٤) ن، م، و: فَهُوَ. (٥) بِهِ: سَاقِطَةٌ مِنْ (ن) ، (م) .