accomplishes its intended purpose and produces its legal effect, namely, discharge from liability.
Hence, they say:
“A valid act is one that obviates the need to make it up.”
Thus, when they say, “It is invalid,” they mean, “It must be made up,” not that no reward whatsoever will be granted for it in the Hereafter.
This is likewise how negation occurs in the words of Allah and His Messenger—may Allah bless him and grant him peace—as in his saying:
“One who commits illicit sexual intercourse does not do so while he is a believer.” (1)
And his saying:
“Whoever cannot be trusted has no faith, and whoever does not honor his covenant has no religion.” (2)
And the saying of Allah Most High:
“The true believers are only those whose hearts tremble when Allah is mentioned.”
[Surah al-Anfāl: 2]
And His saying:
“The true believers are only those who believe in Allah and His Messenger, then entertain no doubt, and strive with their wealth and their lives in the cause of Allah. It is they who are truthful.”
[Surah al-Hujurāt: 15]
For denying faith to someone who neglects one of its obligations or commits within it something forbidden
(1) This is part of a hadith narrated by Abū Hurayra—may Allah be pleased with him—recorded in Sahīh al-Bukhārī, 3/136, Book of Wrongdoing, chapter “Plunder without the Owner’s Permission”; 7/104, Book of Beverages, chapter “Indeed, Intoxicants and Gambling…”; 8/157, Book of Prescribed Punishments, chapter “One Does Not Drink Wine…”; and 8/164, Book of Prescribed Punishments, chapter “The Sin of Those Who Commit Illicit Sexual Intercourse”; Sahīh Muslim, 1/76–77, Book of Faith, chapter explaining how sins diminish faith; Sunan Abī Dāwūd, 4/306, Book of the Sunnah, chapter on the evidence that faith increases and decreases; Sunan al-Tirmidhī, 4/127, Book of Faith, chapter “The One Who Commits Illicit Sexual Intercourse Does Not Do So While a Believer”; Sunan Ibn Mājah, 2/1298–1299, Book of Tribulations, chapter prohibiting plunder; Sunan al-Dārimī, 2/115, Book of Beverages, chapter containing a stern warning against drinking wine; and al-Musnad, al-Ma‘ārif edition, 13/41. The wording in Sahīh al-Bukhārī, 3/136, is: “The one who commits illicit sexual intercourse does not do so while he is a believer; the one who drinks wine does not do so while he is a believer; the one who steals does not do so while he is a believer; and the one who seizes plunder that draws people’s gaze toward him does not do so while he is a believer.”
(2) The hadith is narrated from Anas ibn Mālik—may Allah be pleased with him—in al-Musnad, al-Halabī edition, 3/135. It begins: Anas ibn Mālik said, “Whenever the Prophet of Allah—peace and blessings be upon him—addressed us, he would say: ‘Whoever cannot be trusted has no faith.’” It also appears there at 3/154, 210, and 251.