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martyr, whoever is killed defending [his religion is a martyr, and whoever is killed defending] (1) his inviolability is a martyr.” (2) This is because such people are enemies of everyone, and everyone assists in fighting them. Even if, hypothetically, their hostility and warfare were not of this universal kind, they are not rulers who possess the power to act and seize what they want. Rather, they fight in order to take people’s property and lives. They are therefore the ones who initiate hostilities against the people, unlike rulers, who do not initiate hostilities against their subjects.
He distinguished between someone whom one fights defensively and someone whom one takes the initiative in fighting. (3) Accordingly, as to whether defensive fighting is permissible during civil strife, two reports are transmitted from Ahmad because the transmitted precedents and underlying considerations conflict.
In short, the familiar pattern is that rebellion against rulers is undertaken to obtain the wealth and political authority in their hands. This is fighting for worldly ends.
(1) The text between square brackets is omitted from (ن), (م), (ح), (ب), and (أ); (ر) reads *dūna damihi* (“defending his life”).
(2) I did not find the wording, “Whoever is killed defending his inviolability is a martyr.” However, I found a hadith in which the Prophet (may Allah bless him and grant him peace) said: “Whoever is killed defending his property is a martyr, and whoever is killed defending his religion is a martyr.” The hadith is narrated from Saʿīd ibn Zayd (may Allah be pleased with him) in *Sunan Abī Dāwūd*, 4/339, Book of the Sunnah, chapter “Fighting Robbers”; and *Sunan al-Tirmidhī*, 2/435–436, Book of Blood Money, chapter “What Has Been Related Concerning Whoever Is Killed Defending His Property Being a Martyr.” Some versions add: “Whoever is killed defending his life is a martyr.” An abbreviated version is narrated from ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAmr (may Allah be pleased with him) in *Sunan al-Nasāʾī*, 7/105–107, Book on the Prohibition of Bloodshed: the chapter “Whoever Is Killed Defending His Property,” on the authority of ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAmr and Sulaymān ibn Burayda; the chapter “Whoever Fights Defending His Family”; the chapter “Whoever Fights Defending His Religion”; and the chapter “Whoever Fights Defending What Was Wrongfully Taken from Him,” on the authority of Suwayd ibn Muqarrin. See also *Sunan Ibn Mājah*, 2/861, Book of Legal Punishments, chapter “Whoever Is Killed Defending His Property Is a Martyr.” The hadith of ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAmr, “Whoever is killed defending his property is a martyr,” also appears in *al-Bukhārī*, 3/136, Book of Oppressions, chapter “Whoever Fights Defending His Property”; *Muslim*, 1/124–125, Book of Faith, chapter “Concerning One Who Seeks to Take Another’s Property Unlawfully”; and *al-Musnad*, Maʿārif edition, 3/119, 10/43, 11/153, 154.
(3) *Bayna* (“between”) is omitted from (ن).
شَهِيدٌ، وَمَنْ قُتِلَ دُونَ
[دِينِهِ فَهُوَ شَهِيدٌ، وَمَنْ قُتِلَ دُونَ]
(١)
حُرْمَتِهِ فَهُوَ شَهِيدٌ» "
(٢)
لِأَنَّ أُولَئِكَ مُعَادُونَ لِجَمِيعِ النَّاسِ، وَجَمِيعُ النَّاسِ يُعِينُونَ عَلَى قِتَالِهِمْ، وَلَوْ قُدِّرَ أَنَّهُ لَيْسَ كَذَلِكَ الْعَدَاوَةُ وَالْحَرْبُ، فَلَيْسُوا وُلَاةَ أَمْرٍ قَادِرِينَ عَلَى الْفِعْلِ وَالْأَخْذِ، بَلْ هُمْ بِالْقِتَالِ يُرِيدُونَ أَنْ يَأْخُذُوا أَمْوَالَ النَّاسِ وَدِمَاءَهُمْ، فَهُمْ مُبْتَدِءُونَ النَّاسَ بِالْقِتَالِ، بِخِلَافِ وُلَاةِ الْأُمُورِ فَإِنَّهُمْ لَا يَبْتَدِءُونَ بِالْقِتَالِ لِلرَّعِيَّةِ.
وَفَرَّقَ بَيْنَ
(٣)
مَنْ تُقَاتِلُهُ دَفْعًا وَبَيْنَ مَنْ تُقَاتِلُهُ ابْتِدَاءً. وَلِهَذَا هَلْ يَجُوزُ فِي حَالِ الْفِتْنَةِ قِتَالُ الدَّفْعِ؟ فِيهِ عَنْ أَحْمَدَ رِوَايَتَانِ لِتَعَارُضِ الْآثَارِ وَالْمَعَانِي.
وَبِالْجُمْلَةِ الْعَادَةُ الْمَعْرُوفَةُ أَنَّ الْخُرُوجَ عَلَى وُلَاةِ الْأُمُورِ يَكُونُ لِطَلَبِ مَا فِي أَيْدِيهِمْ مِنَ الْمَالِ وَالْإِمَارَةِ، وَهَذَا قِتَالٌ عَلَى الدُّنْيَا.
(١) مَا بَيْنَ الْمَعْقُوفَتَيْنِ سَاقِطٌ مِنْ (ن) ، (م) ، (ح) ، (ب) ، (أ) ، وَفِي (ر) : دُونَ دَمِهِ.
(٢) لَمْ أَجِدْ عِبَارَةَ: وَمَنْ قُتِلَ دُونَ حُرْمَتِهِ فَهُوَ شَهِيدٌ، وَلَكِنْ وَجَدْتُ حَدِيثًا فِي قَوْلِهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: (مَنْ قُتِلَ دُونَ مَالِهِ فَهُوَ شَهِيدٌ، وَمَنْ قُتِلَ دُونَ دِينِهِ فَهُوَ شَهِيدٌ) وَالْحَدِيثُ عَنْ سَعِيدِ بْنِ زَيْدٍ رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُ فِي: سُنَنِ أَبِي دَاوُدَ ٤/٣٣٩ كِتَابُ السُّنَّةِ بَابٌ فِي قِتَالِ اللُّصُوصِ، سُنَنَ التِّرْمِذِيِّ ٢/٤٣٥، ٤٣٦ كِتَابُ الدِّيَاتِ، بَابُ مَا جَاءَ مَنْ قُتِلَ دُونَ مَالِهِ فَهُوَ شَهِيدٌ، زَادَ فِي بَعْضِ الْأَحَادِيثِ: وَمَنْ قُتِلَ دُونَ دَمِهِ فَهُوَ شَهِيدٌ، وَجَاءَ الْحَدِيثُ مُخْتَصَرًا عَنْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ عَمْرٍو رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُ سُنَنَ النَّسَائِيِّ ٧/١٠٥ - ١٠٧ كِتَابُ تَحْرِيمِ الدَّمِ، بَابُ مَنْ قُتِلَ دُونَ مَالِهِ عَنْ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ عَمْرٍو وَعَنْ سُلَيْمَانَ بْنِ بُرَيْدَةَ، بَابُ مَنْ قَاتَلَ دُونَ أَهْلِهِ، بَابُ مَنْ قَاتَلَ دُونَ دِينِهِ، بَابُ مَنْ قَاتَلَ دُونَ مَظْلَمَتِهِ عَنْ سُوَيْدِ بْنِ مُقَرِّنٍ، سُنَنَ ابْنِ مَاجَهْ ٢/٨٦١ كِتَابُ الْحُدُودِ، بَابُ مَنْ قُتِلَ دُونَ مَالِهِ فَهُوَ شَهِيدٌ، وَجَاءَ حَدِيثُ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ بْنِ عَمْرٍو مَنْ قُتِلَ دُونَ مَالِهِ فَهُوَ شَهِيدٌ، فِي الْبُخَارِيِّ ٣/١٣٦ كِتَابُ الْمَظَالِمِ، بَابُ مَنْ قَاتَلَ دُونَ مَالِهِ، مُسْلِمٍ ١/١٢٤، ١٢٥ كِتَابُ الْإِيمَانِ، بَابٌ عَنْ أَنَّ مَنْ قَصَدَ أَخْذَ مَالِ غَيْرِهِ بِغَيْرِ حَقٍّ، الْمُسْنَدَ ط. الْمَعَارِفِ ٣/١١٩، ١٠/٤٣، ١١/١٥٣، ١٥٤
(٣) بَيْنَ: سَاقِطَةٌ مِنْ (ن) .