Minhaj as-SunnahIbn Taimiya

Aristotle’s own statements on this are clear in (Book Lambda), which contains his final discussion in the science of metaphysics (1), and elsewhere.

Aristotle and his early followers—along with all other rational people—maintain that a contingent being, which may either exist or not exist, can only be temporally originated, coming into existence after not having existed, and that anything produced can only be temporally originated. When they held that the celestial spheres were beginningless, they did not maintain that they were contingent, produced, or created. Rather, they said that the spheres move in imitation of the First Cause. Thus, [they stand in need of the First Cause] (2), which Avicenna and his peers call the Necessary Existent, insofar as their motion must involve imitation of Him. He therefore functions for them (3) as a final cause; in the view of Aristotle and his school, He is not their efficient cause.

This position—although it is among the doctrines most extreme in unbelief and misguidance and most contrary to what the great majority of rational people [among both the ancients and later generations] (4) maintain, and for this reason the later philosophers departed [from it] (5) and posited a necessitating cause and a necessitated effect, as Avicenna and his peers alleged,

(1) The Book of Lām (Lambda) is the twelfth of the fourteen books Aristotle wrote on divine science, or first philosophy. These books were compiled and arranged according to the letters of the Greek alphabet and were collectively called the Book of Letters, Theology, or Metaphysics. Arab and Muslim philosophers translated and commented on this work—as Ibn Rushd did—but they devoted particular attention to the Book of Lām, translating it more than once and writing commentaries and glosses on it. See Aristotle among the Arabs, edited by Dr. Abd al-Rahmān Badawī (Cairo, 1947); and Ibn al-Nadīm, al-Fihrist, p. 251. Dr. Abu al-Alā Afīfī also translated the Book of Lām; see Journal of the Faculty of Arts, Cairo University (Fuad I), vol. 5, part 1 (Cairo, 1939). (2) The text in square brackets is omitted only in N. (3) N and M read: “then it belongs to him,” which is erroneous. (4) The text in square brackets is omitted in N and M. (5) “From it” is omitted only in N.
وَكَلَامُ أَرِسْطُو بَيِّنٌ فِي ذَلِكَ فِي (مَقَالَةِ اللَّامِ) الَّتِي هِيَ آخِرُ كَلَامِهِ فِي عِلْمِ مَا بَعْدَ الطَّبِيعَةِ (١) ، وَغَيْرَ ذَلِكَ. وَأَرِسْطُو وَقُدَمَاءُ أَصْحَابِهِ - مَعَ سَائِرِ الْعُقَلَاءِ - يَقُولُونَ: إِنَّ الْمُمْكِنَ الَّذِي يُمْكِنُ وُجُودُهُ وَعَدَمُهُ لَا يَكُونُ إِلَّا مُحْدَثًا كَائِنًا بَعْدَ أَنْ لَمْ يَكُنْ، وَالْمَفْعُولَ لَا يَكُونُ إِلَّا مُحْدَثًا، وَهُمْ إِذَا قَالُوا بِقِدَمِ الْأَفْلَاكِ لَمْ يَقُولُوا إِنَّهَا مُمْكِنَةٌ وَلَا مَفْعُولَةٌ وَلَا مَخْلُوقَةٌ، بَلْ يَقُولُونَ: إِنَّهَا تَتَحَرَّكُ لِلتَّشَبُّهِ بِالْعِلَّةِ الْأُولَى، فَهِيَ [مُحْتَاجَةٌ إِلَى الْعِلَّةِ الْأُولَى] (٢) الَّتِي يُسَمِّيهَا ابْنُ سِينَا وَأَمْثَالُهُ وَاجِبَ الْوُجُودِ مِنْ جِهَةِ أَنَّهُ لَا بُدَّ فِي حَرَكَتِهَا مِنَ التَّشَبُّهِ بِهِ، فَهُوَ لَهَا (٣) مِنْ جِنْسِ الْعِلَّةِ الْغَائِيَّةِ لَا أَنَّهُ عِلَّةٌ فَاعِلَةٌ لَهَا عِنْدَ أَرِسْطُو. وَذَوِيهِ. وَهَذَا الْقَوْلُ - وَإِنْ كَانَ مِنْ أَعْظَمِ الْأَقْوَالِ كُفْرًا وَضَلَالًا وَمُخَالَفَةً لِمَا عَلَيْهِ جَمَاهِيرُ الْعُقَلَاءِ [مِنَ الْأَوَّلِينَ وَالْآخِرِينَ] (٤) ، وَلِهَذَا عَدَلَ مُتَأَخِّرُو الْفَلَاسِفَةِ [عَنْهُ] (٥) ، وَادَّعَوْا مُوجِبًا وَمُوجَبًا، كَمَا زَعَمَهُ ابْنُ سِينَا، وَأَمْثَالُهُ،
(١) مُقَالَةُ " اللَّامِ " هِيَ الْمُقَالَةُ الثَّانِيَةَ عَشْرَةَ مِنْ أَرْبَعَ عَشْرَةَ مَقَالَةً كَتَبَهَا أَرِسْطُو فِي الْعِلْمِ الْإِلَهِيِّ أَوِ الْفَلْسَفَةِ الْأُولَى، وَقَدْ ضُمَّتْ هَذِهِ الْمَقَالَاتُ وَرُتِّبَتْ حَسَبَ أَحْرُفِ الْهِجَاءِ الْيُونَانِيَّةِ وَسُمِّيَتْ بِكِتَابِ " الْحُرُوفِ " أَوْ كِتَابِ " الْإِلَهِيَّاتِ " أَوْ كِتَابِ " مَا بَعْدَ الطَّبِيعَةِ "، وَقَدْ تَرْجَمَ الْفَلَاسِفَةُ الْعَرَبُ وَالْمُسْلِمُونَ هَذَا الْكِتَابَ وَشَرَحُوهُ - كَمَا فَعَلَ ابْنُ رُشْدٍ - وَلَكِنَّهُمُ اهْتَمُّوا بِمَقَالَةِ اللَّامِ بِوَجْهٍ خَاصٍّ، فَتَرْجَمُوهَا أَكْثَرَ مِنْ مَرَّةٍ وَشَرَحُوهَا وَعَلَّقُوا عَلَيْهَا. وَانْظُرْ فِي ذَلِكَ كِتَابَ " أَرِسْطُو عِنْدَ الْعَرَبِ " نَشْرَ الدُّكْتُورِ عَبْدِ الرَّحْمَنِ بَدَوِيٍّ، الْقَاهِرَةِ، ١٩٤٧ ; وَانْظُرِ الْفِهْرِسْتَ لِابْنِ النَّدِيمِ، ص ٢٥١. وَقَدْ تَرْجَمَ الدُّكْتُورُ أَبُو الْعُلَا عَفِيفِيُّ مَقَالَةَ اللَّامِ (انْظُرْ: مَجَلَّةَ كُلِّيَّةِ الْآدَابِ بِجَامِعَةِ الْقَاهِرَةِ (فُؤَادِ الْأَوَّلِ) ، الْجُزْءَ الْأَوَّلَ مِنَ الْمُجَلَّدِ الْخَامِسِ، الْقَاهِرَةِ ١٩٣٩) . (٢) مَا بَيْنَ الْمَعْقُوفَتَيْنِ سَاقِطٌ مِنْ (ن) فَقَطْ (٣) ن، م: فَهُوَ لَهُ، وَهُوَ خَطَأٌ. (٤) مَا بَيْنَ الْمَعْقُوفَتَيْنِ سَاقِطٌ مِنْ (ن) ، (م) . (٥) عَنْهُ: سَاقِطَةٌ مِنْ (ن) فَقَطْ.

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