16
mistaken, for Allah Most High says in the believers’ supplication:
“Our Lord, do not hold us accountable if we forget or make a mistake.”
[Surah al-Baqarah: 286]
He said (1): “I have done so (2).” Thus, pardon has been granted (3) to the believers (4) for forgetfulness and error. A scholar exercising independent reasoning who errs is forgiven for his error. If these people are forgiven for their error in fighting the believers, then Aisha is even more deserving of forgiveness for not remaining in her home, since she was exercising independent reasoning.
Moreover, if someone were to say that the Prophet—may Allah bless him and grant him peace—said:
“Medina expels its impurities and purifies its goodness” (5)
and that he said:
“No one leaves Medina wishing
(1) The word “said” is omitted from A and B.
(2) This forms part of the wording of the hadith in Muslim 1/116 (Book of Faith, Chapter: Clarification That He—Glorified and Exalted—Imposes Only What Can Be Borne). The hadith is also narrated, with variations in wording, from Ibn Abbās and Abū Hurayra—may Allah be pleased with them both—in Muslim 1/115–116 (the preceding location) and al-Musnad (al-Maʿārif ed.) 3/341–342 (no. 2070), 5/31 (no. 3071). For its various narrations, see Tafsīr al-Tabarī (al-Maʿārif ed.) 6/142–145; see also 6/104–105.
(3) A and W read: “He pardoned.”
(4) N and M read: “from the believers.”
(5) This forms part of a hadith narrated from Jābir ibn Abd Allāh—may Allah be pleased with him—with different wording, in al-Bukhārī 3/22 (Book of the Virtues of Medina, Chapter: Medina Expels Impurity). Its wording is: “Medina is like a furnace bellows: it expels its impurities.” It also appears in al-Bukhārī 6/97 (Book of Judgments, Chapter: One Who Pledged Allegiance and Then Asked to Be Released), 6/80 (Book of Judgments, Chapter: One Who Broke a Pledge of Allegiance), and 9 (Book of Holding Fast to the Quran and Sunnah, Chapter: What the Prophet Mentioned …); Muslim 2/1006 (Book of Hajj, Chapter: Medina Expels Its Wicked People); Sunan al-Tirmidhī 5/378 (Book of Merits, Chapter: Reports Concerning the Virtue of Medina); Sunan al-Nasāī 7/135 (Book of the Pledge of Allegiance, Chapter: Seeking Release from the Pledge of Allegiance); and al-Muwatta 2/886 (Book of Miscellaneous Matters, Chapter: Reports Concerning Residence in Medina …).
مُخْطِئًا،
فَإِنَّ اللَّهَ تَعَالَى يَقُولُ فِي دُعَاءِ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ:
{رَبَّنَا لَا تُؤَاخِذْنَا إِنْ نَسِينَا أَوْ أَخْطَأْنَا}
[سُورَةُ الْبَقَرَةِ: ٢٨٦]
قَالَ
(١)
:
" قَدْ فَعَلْتُ
(٢)
" فَقَدْ عُفِيَ
(٣)
لِلْمُؤْمِنِينَ
(٤)
عَنِ النِّسْيَانِ وَالْخَطَأِ، وَالْمُجْتَهِدُ الْمُخْطِئُ مَغْفُورٌ لَهُ خَطَؤُهُ، وَإِذَا غُفِرَ خَطَأُ هَؤُلَاءِ فِي قِتَالِ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ، فَالْمَغْفِرَةُ لِعَائِشَةَ لِكَوْنِهَا لَمْ تَقَرَّ فِي بَيْتِهَا إِذْ كَانَتْ مُجْتَهِدَةً أَولَى.
وَأَيْضًا فَلَوْ قَالَ قَائِلٌ:
إِنَّ النَّبِيَّ - صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ -
قَالَ:
"
«إِنَّ الْمَدِينَةَ تَنْفِي خَبَثَهَا وَيَنْصَعُ طِيبُهَا»
(٥)
" وَقَالَ: " «لَا يَخْرُجُ أَحَدٌ مِنَ الْمَدِينَةِ رَغْبَةً
(١) قَالَ: سَاقِطَةٌ مِنْ (أ) ، (ب) .
(٢) هَذَا جُزْءٌ مِنْ لَفْظِ الْحَدِيثِ فِي مُسْلِمٍ ١/١١٦ (كِتَابُ الْإِيمَانِ بَابُ بَيَانِ أَنَّهُ سُبْحَانَهُ وَتَعَالَى لَمْ يُكَلِّفْ إِلَّا مَا يُطَاقُ) . وَجَاءَ الْحَدِيثُ مَعَ اخْتِلَافٍ فِي الْأَلْفَاظِ عَنِ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ وَأَبِي هُرَيْرَةَ - رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُمْ - فِي: مُسْلِمٍ ١/١١٥ - ١١٦ (الْمَوْضِعُ السَّابِقُ) ; الْمُسْنَدِ (ط. الْمَعَارِفِ) ٣ \ \ ٣٤١ - ٣٤٢ (رَقْمُ ٢٠٧٠) ، ٥ - ٣١ (رَقْمُ ٣٠٧١) . وَانْظُرِ الْحَدِيثَ بِرِوَايَاتِهِ الْمُتَعَدِّدَةِ فِي تَفْسِيرِ الطَّبَرَيِّ (ط. الْمَعَارِفِ) ٦/١٤٢ - ١٤٥. وَانْظُرْ أَيْضًا ٦/١٠٤ - ١٠٥.
(٣) أ، وَ: عَفَا.
(٤) ن، م: عَنِ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ.
(٥) هَذَا جُزْءٌ مِنْ حَدِيثٍ عَنْ جَابِرِ بْنِ عَبْدِ اللَّهِ - رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُ - مَعَ اخْتِلَافِ اللَّفْظِ - فِي: الْبُخَارِيِّ ٣/٢٢ (كِتَابُ فَضَائِلِ الْمَدِينَةِ، بَابُ الْمَدِينَةُ تَنْفِي الْخَبَثَ) وَلَفْظُ الْحَدِيثِ: " الْمَدِينَةُ كَالْكِيرِ تَنْفِي خَبَثَهَا ". وَهُوَ فِي: الْبُخَارِيِّ ٦/٩٧ (كِتَابُ الْأَحْكَامِ، بَابُ مَنْ بَايَعَ ثُمَّ اسْتَقَالَ) ٦/٨٠ (كِتَابُ الْأَحْكَامِ، بَابُ مَنْ نَكَثَ بَيْعَةً) ، ٩ (كِتَابُ الِاعْتِصَامِ، بَابُ مَا ذَكَرَ النَّبِيُّ. . .) ; مُسْلِمٍ ٢/١٠٠٦ (كِتَابُ الْحَجِّ، بَابُ الْمَدِينَةُ تَنْفِي شِرَارَهَا) ; سُنَنِ التِّرْمِذِيِّ ٥/٣٧٨ (كِتَابُ الْمَنَاقِبِ، بَابُ مَا جَاءَ فِي فَضْلِ الْمَدِينَةِ) ; سُنَنِ النَّسَائِيِّ ٧/١٣٥ (كِتَابُ الْبَيْعَةِ، بَابُ اسْتِقَالَةِ الْبَيْعَةِ) ; الْمُوَطَّأِ ٢/٨٨٦ (كِتَابُ الْجَامِعِ، بَابُ مَا جَاءَ فِي سُكْنَى الْمَدِينَةِ. . .) .